Vel. XXX JANUARY, 1954 No. 1 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist CONTENTS USINGER—Howard Madison Parshley. 1 GRESSITT, FLANDERS, & BARTLETT—Parasites of citricola scale in Japan, and their introduction into California. 5 BROWN—The synonymy of the ant Aphaenogaster lepida Wheeler. 10 LINSLEY & MacSWAIN—O bservations on the habits and prey of Eucerceris ruficeps Scullen. 11 DAY—New species and notes on California mayflies II. 15 DAY—New species of California mayflies in the genus Baetis. 29 MALKIN—A new northwestern melandryid. 35 MICHENER—Descriptions and records of North American Hoplitis and Anthocopa. 37 ESSIG—Change of the species name of Myzus langei Essig to Myzus callangei Essig. 52 PHILIP—New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). Part IV. Zophina new genus for “Apatolestes” eiseni Townsend from Lower California 53 WALL—Mirolepisma deserticola silvestri, a myrmecophile from California. 56 WIRTH—A new intertidal fly from California, with notes on the genus Nocticanace Malloch . 59 MICHENER—Observations on the pupae of bees. 63 MADDUX—A new species of Dobsonfly from California. 70 WALL—A re-described species and a new genus and species of the family Lepismatidae in California._. 72 Book notices and reviews. 10, 14, 34 Proceedings—Pacific Coast Entomological Society. 77 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1954 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor R. L. Usinger E. S. Ross H. B. Leech R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed¬ ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution. Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4, Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address, requests for sample copies, and ail financial communications should be addressed to the treasurer. Dr. B. C. Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 18, Calif. Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year in advance. Price for single copies, $1.00. Make checks payable to “Pan-Pacific Entomologist.” BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY 1:1 Middlekauff, W. W. The Horse Flies and Deer Flies of California Pp. 1-24, 1 pi. June 30, 1950.$0.35 1:2 Freeborn, S. B., and R. M. Bohart. The Mosquitoes of California Pp. 25-78, pis. 2-8. June 8, 1951.$0.50 1:3 Linsley, E. G., and J. W. MacSwain. The Rhipiphoridae of Cali¬ fornia (Coleoptera) . Pp. 79-88, pi. 9. June 29, 1951.$0.25 1:4 Hurd, P. D. Jr. The California Velvet Ants of the Genus Dasymutilla Ashmead ( Hymenoptera:Mutillidae) . Pp. 89—118, pi. 10. August 27, 1951 .$0.35 1:5 Hurd, P. D. Jr., and E. G. Linsley. The Melectine Bees of Cali¬ fornia (Hymenoptera:Anthophoridae) . Pp. 119—140, pi. 11, 5 maps. October 31, 1951.$0.25 1:6 Hurd, P. D. Jr. The Scoliidae of California (Hymenoptera:Aculeata). Pp. 141-152, pis. 12 and 13. June 27, 1952.$0.25 2:1 Keifer, H. H. The Eriophyid mites of California (Acarina:Erin- phyidae). Pp. 1-128, pis. 1-39. December 12, 1952.$2.00 2:2 Pritchard, A. Earl The Gall midges of California (Diptera: Itonididae olim Cecidonyiidue) . Pp. 125—150, pi. 40. February 27, 1953 .$0.35 Send orders to: University of California Press, Berkeley 4 Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the post office at San Francisco, under act of August 24, 1912. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. XXX January, 1954 No. 1 HOWARD MADISON PARSHLEY 1884-1953 Robert L. Usinger University of California, Berkeley The passing of Howard Madison Parshley on May 19, 1953, brought to a close the earthly career of one of the most versatile hemipterists of our time. Born in Hallowell, Maine, on August 7, 1884, Dr. Parshley spent his early teens on a farm in eastern New York State. “This experience,” to quote from a biographical sketch by Dr. Alexander Leslie in the Smith College Memorial Service, “gave him insight into country life, and, with the help of a tattered Cornell leaflet on insect collecting, probably determined the direc¬ tion of his maj or professional interests. “Dr. Parshley attended the Boston Latin School from 1901 to 1905. He then went to Harvard University from which he was graduated in 1909. During the period of 1906 through 1909, he also attended the New England Conservatory of Music. In 1910, he took his master’s degree from Harvard. At this time he was married to Nancy Fredricson. They went to the University of Maine where for three years he was instructor in biology, the exact posh tion which his daughter, Elsa, was to fill some years later. In 1914 he returned to Harvard, where he was awarded his Doctor of Science degree in 1917. That same year he received an appointment in the zoology department of Smith College, where he was to complete his life’s work.” It would be quite impossible and out-of-place to try to cover the whole of Dr. Parshley’s varied career in this brief article. His published articles and reviews alone exceed 400. He was an accom¬ plished musician, playing at the first stand in the bass section of the Springfield Symphony Orchestra for many years. Additional interests included poetry, radio technology, sports and gardening, but his music was particularly close to his heart, and provided a fitting climax to his career only a week before his death. May 13th was Northampton’s first “Symphony Day” when the Springfield Symphony came to town to play for 2,000 school children in the afternoon and for the community as a whole in the evening. He demonstrated the double bass for the children in a way which 2 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 brought the house down. He was first bass for these concerts and was especially interested in the event as his daughter was chairman of the whole affair. At the time of his death, Dr. Parshley had completed arrange¬ ments for the disposition of his insect collection and entomological library. The collection of 23,980 specimens was sold to the Cali¬ fornia Academy of Sciences, to take its place beside that of his colleague of former years, E. P. VanDuzee. It is interesting to note that the collection contains specimens taken as recently as 1947, JANUARY, 1954] USINGER-PARSHLEY OBITUARY 3 long after his last publication on insects. The collection alone would be an impressive monument to a life’s work, including, as it does, numerous type specimens, beautifully prepared specimens of typical European species and the definitive collection of Geocorinae of the world which was purchased from A. L. Montandon in 1920. But Dr. Parshley’s entomological contributions were far greater than this. In the brief span of years from 1914 to 1925, fifty-three papers were published, dealing principally with the Aradidae, Tingidae, Miridae, Gerridae, Veliidae, Nabidae, Lygaeidae and Anthocoridae. His greatest taxonomic work was the “Essay on the American Species of Aradus,” published in 1921. This is still the definitive work on this subject and could well serve as a model in style and thoroughness of treatment for future students in this and other groups. Without doubt, his greatest service to hemipterology was his “Bibliography of the North American Hemiptera—Heteroptera,” (1925) a carefully prepared and beautifully printed fiftieth anni¬ versary publication of Smith College. His interest in the bibli¬ ography of the Hemiptera led to his appointment as managing editor of the General Catalogue of the Hemiptera. This project was organized by a group of hemipterists at the Cincinnati (1923) meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The Catalogue was published by Smith College, five fas¬ cicles having appeared in 12 parts (2,177 pp.) between 1929 and 1949. It is certainly not accidental that this Catalogue, under Dr. Parshley’s guidance, stands as the most complete (for the com¬ paratively small number of families dealt with) and faultlessly prepared catalogue of any group of insects to date. Dr. Parshley’s publications on the Hemiptera were not numer¬ ous, and covered only a brief decade ending over a quarter of a century ago, his travels were not extensive, and his personal con¬ tacts with fellow hemipterists were few. How then does it happen that his influence was so great? The answer lies in his scholarly approach and his penetrating mind. It is evident from his publica¬ tions that Dr. Parshley understood the fundamentals of biology. Therefore his judgment was good in matters of classification, nomenclature and distribution. That he also understood human nature and the basic essentials of human life is evidenced by his extensive writings, particularly since 1925, in the social sciences. 4 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 There is no need to repeat the list of enomological publications given by Dr. Parshley himself in the “Bibliography” (1925), but a few quotes from his writings on Hemiptera will serve to illustrate Dr. Parshley’s philosophy and at the same time may provide the general entomologist, who might otherwise overlook these buried treasures, with food for thought. Dr. Parshley—“On the Prepara¬ tion of Hemiptera for the Cabinet” (1919)—deplores the “practical spirit which eliminates the study of the classics, elevates every trifling trade to the dignity of an academic pursuit, and in general places the things of the dollar above the things of the spirit. The science of entomology has reached its present state of advancement very largely through the unpaid effort, the labor of love, of enthu¬ siasts, and we may hardly look for any progress that is worthwhile, in the technique of mounting specimens or in matters of higher import, if entomologists, professional or otherwise, come to be actuated as a class by any spirit other than that of the true amateur.” Dr. Parshley’s keen mind saw through the superficialities of some of the work of his contemporaries and led him into a con¬ troversy which, both in correspondence and in spirit, was devas- tatingly logical, stimulating, and at all times, dignified. His views on subspecific variation, expressed 30 years ago, were well ahead of their time and his remarks on “criticism” in a biographical article on “Ernst Evald Bergroth: Master Hemipterist (1857— 1925)” are perhaps more pertinent today than at the time they were written. “It is ... in this . . . field ... of fiery and often magnificently destructive criticism, that Bergroth did some of his most important work. The sanative influence he exerted and will continue to exert upon beginning students—through his attacks on ignorant and careless workers, and his lively appreciation of thorough and honest effort—will prove to be not the least valuable element in his enduring contribution. No student can afford to neglect the study of Bergroth’s masterpieces in the art of con¬ troversy; for when mutual criticism fails, science loses one of its most essential means of progress.” In his article “On the Life of William T. Davis,” Dr. Parshley stated his concept of the problem of living, a problem which, in retrospect, it would appear that he solved so successfully. “He (referring to Davis) solved in his fashion the problem all must face: how at once to follow the inner light, meet the material de¬ mands of life, and maintain a genial warmth in human relations.” JANUARY, 1954 ] GRESSITT, ET AL-CITRICOLA SCALE 5 PARASITES OF CITRICOLA SCALE IN JAPAN, AND THEIR INTRODUCTION INTO CALIFORNIA 1 J. Linsley Gressitt , 2 Stanley E. Flanders , 3 4 5 and Blair Bartlett 4 5 University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California Citricola scale in California, described by Campbell in 1914 as Coccus citricola, was subsequently shown to be the same species as that from Japan, described by Kuwana earlier in the same year as Lecanium pseudomagnoliarum. Rules of scientific nomenclature require the use of the species designation first applied; hence, the adoption of the name Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana), and the retention of the term citricola for the common name of this scale. The citricola scale is a major pest of citrus in central California, and infestations sporadically become severe in many of the inland citrus areas, from Butte County in the north to the Imperial Valley in the south. Because of the general restriction of economic in¬ festations of citricola scale to areas of extremely high summer temperatures and low humidities, and its foreign origin, the oc¬ currence of this scale in the climatically dissimilar area of Japan appears as an anomaly. Accumulative evidence that citricola scale is not indigenous to Japan has been supported, also, by other biological evidence relative to its host preferences and parasitic fauna. Its recently reported occurrence at subeconomic levels on citrus in Iran (Kaussari, 1946) further supports the belief that it may be native to the drier areas of Asia, and that it found its way to California by a circuitous route, through Japan. 1 Paper No. 770, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California. 2 Temporarily employed, 1947-1951, by the University of California for investi¬ gation of natural enemies of citrus insects in Asia. Now with the B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, T.H. 3 Professor of Biological Control and Entomologist in the Experiment Station. 4 Assistant Entomologist in the Experiment Station. 5 The authors acknowledge their indebtedness to their colleague, Harold Compere, who identified all the parasites mentioned in this paper. 6 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 Records of the Department of Biological Control of the Uni¬ versity of California on the occurrence of natural enemies of citricola scale in Japan begin with the year 1922. At that time, C. P. Clausen, while exploring the Far East for the Federal Gov¬ ernment in connection with another problem, sent to California shipments of citricola scale which yielded the parasites Coccopha¬ gus yoshidae Nakayama, Coccophagus japonicus Compere, Ani- cetus annulatus Howard, and Metaphycus orientalis Compere (Compere, 1924). None of these species was received in condition for establishment in California at that time. Subsequent records (Compere, 1926; Flanders, 1942) indicated that Aneristus cero- plastae Howard and Microterys okitsuensis Compere were possible citricola parasites. The attack upon citricola scale in California by the imported parasite species Coccophagus caridei (Brethes), Metaphycus stanleyi Compere, and Metaphycus helvolus (Com¬ pere) , aiding in the work of the previously established Metaphycus luteolus (Timberlake) and Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker), has been reported by Flanders (1942). In 1951 an opportunity was afforded the senior author to com¬ plete the introduction of citricola parasites from Japan, as well as to survey the area for other possible beneficial insects for use against pests of California agriculture. After obtaining his release from internment by Chinese on the Asiatic mainland, where he had been employed in a search for red scale parasites, he spent the period from February through June, 1951, in Japan, in a search for citricola parasites. The area from northernmost Honshu to southernmost Kyushu was covered in the search. In this brief exploration, citricola scale was found to be relatively rare in Japan. It was taken from cultivated citrus in only a few isolated plantings, the trifoliate orange, Poncirus tri- foliata, serving as primary host for the species. On this commonly used Japanese hedge plant, citricola scale was found to be spo¬ radically distributed throughout the warmer half of Japan and somewhat more generally distributed in the cooler northern and central mountainous parts of the country. In Japan, as in California, citricola scale has only one well- defined generation a year. This even-broodness is of considerable interest, in view of the fact that on potted citrus in outdoor cloth cages at Riverside this scale exhibits an uneven double-brooded- JANUARY, 1954 ] GRESSITT, ET AL-CITRICOLA SCALE 7 ness. Even-broodedness under natural conditions represents a distinctly disadvantageous condition for the successful operation of parasitic species, since it is not conducive to their perpetuation during periods when host size is unsuitable. Under such conditions, a complement of alternate hosts is generally required, unless un¬ usual modifications in the life history of the host or its parasites occur. In Japan the possible alternate hosts of the lecaniine group were varied and abundant, a fact that made ready recognition of certain parasitized stages of citricola difficult. It was often im¬ possible to determine whether parasitized individual scales were the species sought or a closely related species. In Japan there is a somewhat greater disparity in the develop¬ mental stages of citricola scales of the warmer and colder areas than commonly occurs in California. There was approximately two months’ difference between the beginning of spring scale growth in northern and southern Japan. This inequality of growth served to extend the range of scale development that could be surveyed for parasites during the period of explorations. It fortunately per¬ mitted the search for parasites to cover a portion of that period when the scale is in a characteristically colored hibernating or nongrowth period. Since none of the known parasites of citricola attack this stage, and since it offers the greatest possibilities for continued parasite reproduction, emphasis on exploration of this scale stage was most desirable. Citricola scale is believed to be under effective biological con¬ trol in Japan. The densest populations discovered were observed as they decreased in abundance and as parasitization approached 100 per cent. It is believed that in isolated localities the scale population may be nearly exterminated by the action of parasites, and that two or more years may be required for attainment of another peak population density. This effectiveness of parasitiza¬ tion is probably correlated with the existence of an abundance of closely related alternate host scales which serve to perpetuate the parasites over unfavorable citricola stages. Such reasoning is fur¬ ther substantiated by laboratory tests on the imported parasites at Riverside, which indicate wide range in host species. Sixty-one shipments of parasitized citricola scale were received at Riverside from Japan. These were processed through quaran¬ tine, and secondary parasites of the genera Cerapterocerus, Tetra- slichws, Cheiloneurus, and Thysanus were eliminated. 8 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 The following five chalcidoid species, all known as citricola parasites, were obtained: Coccophagus japonicus Compere, Coc- cophagus yoshidae Nakayama, Coccophagus hawaiiensis Timber- lake, Microterys okitsuensis Compere, and Anicetus annulatus Howard. In addition, Microterys flavus (Howard), Metaphycus sp., Aneristus ceroplastae Howard, Blastothrix ozukiensis Ishii, Coc¬ cophagus ishii Compere, and an unrecognized yellow Coccophagus were taken from indeterminate host material. Some of the last- named species are still being tested for possible use against other lecaniine scale pests in California. No effective predators of citri¬ cola scale were found in Japan. Chilocorus tristis Faldermann ap¬ peared as an incidental predator, much as do the few ladybird species sometimes observed in California. The five primary citricola scale parasites from Japan were responsive to culture on soft (brown) scale in the insectary. This greatly simplified production for citricola liberation. All five species were easily distinguishable by their effects on the appear¬ ance of the host. Coccophagus japonicus attacks scales 1.0—2.0 mm. in length and colors the derm on the dorsum of the scale jet black. C. hawaiiensis attacks scales 1.6—2.5 mm. in length and imparts only a slight brownish tinge to the scale derm after emergence. Anicetus annulatus attacks scales 1.3—2.4 mm. in length and par¬ tially blackens the derm on the dorsum of the scale. C. yoshidae attacks scales 1.7—3.0 mm. in length and turns the scale derm dark brown. Microterys okitsuensis, the only one of the five that is gregarious, attacks scales 1.5 mm. in length as a solitary parasite, whereas 3 or 4 parasites may attack and emerge from a larger single scale, leaving it in a honeycombed-cocoon condition. The meconia of the five species also present differences which are useful in distinguishing the work of the various species. Reproduction and liberation of the five primary parasites of citricola scale have been completed. Their release against other lecaniine hosts remains to be tried. Over 25,000 females of Coc¬ cophagus japonicus, 2,000 of Microterys okitsuensis, 20,000 of C. hawaiiensis, 3,000 of Anicetus annulatus, and 3,000 of C. yoshidae have been liberated, primarily in the central California area. The first three species have been recovered from places of liberation. The best prospects for effective control are offered by the species C. japonicus, providing this species can bridge the stage of scale unsuitability. Its attack on the smaller scales is advantageous, in JANUARY, 1954 ] GRESSITT, ET AL-CITRICOLA SCALE 9 that individuals of a suitable size for attack are available for a longer period. Only one female specimen of Metaphycus orientalis was ob¬ tained in the Japanese exploration. It could not be propagated in the insectary. The habits of this parasite, as judged from records of 1922, indicate that it may be an effective parasite of overwinter¬ ing citricola. Possibilities of acquiring this parasite from Japan are being investigated by the Department of Biological Control. Summary During the first half of 1951, a search was made in Japan by the Department of Biological Control of the University of Cali¬ fornia for parasites of the citricola scale, Coccus pseudomagnoli- arum (Kuwana). The population of this scale is very low through¬ out Japan, and on Poncirus trifoliata, its preferred host plant, it appears to be under effective biological control. Coccophagus japonicus Compere, Coccophagus yoshidae Na- kayama, Cocophagus hawaiiensis Timberlake, Microterys okitsu- ensis Compere, and Anicetus annulatus Howard were reared from citricola scale collected in Japan and sent to California. (No ef¬ fective predators were found.) Parasites were studies with regard to host stages attacked, and were liberated in central and southern California. The first three species listed above have been recovered from places of liberation. Literature Cited Campbell, Roy E. 1914. A new coccid infesting citrus trees in California (Hemip.). En¬ tomological News, 25:222-224. Compere, Harold 1924. A preliminary report on the parasitic enemies of the citricola scale (Coccus pseucLomagnoliarum [Kuwana]) with descriptions of two new chalcidoid parasites. Southern California Academy of Sciences Bulletin, 23:113-123. 1926. New coccid-inhabiting parasites (Encyrtidae, Hymenoptera) from Japan and California. University of California Publications in Entomology, 4:33-50. Flanders, Stanley E. 1942. Biological observations on the citricola scale and its parasites. Journal of Economic Entomology, 35:830-833. Kaussari, M. 1946. Insects nuisibles aux aurantiacees sur les Cotes de la mer Caspienne [In Persian]. Ent. and Phytopath. Appl. 1:32-38. (With summary in French.) Review Applied Entomology, 36:387, 1948. 10 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 THE SYNONYMY OF THE ANT APHAENOGASTER LEPIDA WHEELER In 1929, only a few months after Menozzi had applied the name Aphaeno- gaster silvestrii to ants collected in Florida, Wheeler described in the same journal a Formosan homonym. In March, 1930, Wheeler corrected his homo¬ nym, which then became A. lepida. Unfortunately, both Menozzi and Creigh¬ ton subsequently proposed nomina nova for A. silvestrii of Wheeler without noticing that a prior nomen novum existed. The resulting synonymy is as follows: Aphaenogaster lepida Wheeler A. silvestrii Wheeler, Oct. 1929, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici 24: 37—40, fig. 3, worker, male; nec Menozzi, Aug. 1929, Ibid., 22: 282. A. (Attomyrma) lepida Wheeler, 1930, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club 11: 96, nom. pro A. silvestrii Wheeler. A. phillipi Menozzi, 1932, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici 26: 311, nota, nom. pro A. silvestrii Wheeler. New synonymy A. funkikoensis Creighton, 1950, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 104: 152, nota, nom. pro A. silvestrii Wheeler. New synonymy Cases of automatic synonymy in the family Formicidae are probably rather frequent, and their formal recognition will help to relieve the nom- enclatorial confusion which exists in the absence of an up-to-date synonymic catalog.—W. L. Brown, Jr., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge 38, Mass. BOOK REVIEW HOW TO KNOW THE SPIDERS by B. J. and Elizabeth Kaston. Published by Wm. C. Brown Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 220 pages, 552 figures. “How to Know the Spiders” is another excellent book of H. E. Jaques Pictured-Key Nature Series, similar in pattern to those already published on the insects, immature insects, beetles and others. Dr. Kaston and his artist wife have combined to present one of the finest books suitable for the naturalist or beginning students of spiders. In the introductory pages the author gives an interesting account of the biology of spiders including notes on their food, courtship, habitats, webs and cocoons. There is a short section on the collection, preservation and rearing of spiders, and an excellent account on the structures used in classification. This last section is very well illustrated and is the most complete and easily understood account on spider classification seen by the reviewer. The last part of the book consists of an illustrated key to 40 of the 49 families of spiders known in the United States to 190 of the common genera and 271 of the common species. Only those families which are quite rare are omitted in order to simplify the key. Included with each species recorded is an illustration and notes on its size, habitat, and distribution. The species considered in the book are essentially Eastern with only a very few of those listed found in the West.— Vincent D. Roth. JANUARY, 1954] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN-EUCERCERIS 11 OBSERVATIONS ON THE HABITS AND PREY OF EUCERCERIS RUFICEPS SCULLEN (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain 1 University of California, Berkeley The genus Eucerceris is confined to the western hemisphere and twenty-eight species are now recognized from America north of Mexico (Scullen, 1939, 1948, 1951). Until 1939, nothing had been published concerning the nesting habits or prey of any of these species. In that year Scullen (1939:12) published observations on the habits of Eucerceris flavocincta Cresson nesting in two sites at Breitenbush Hot Springs, Oregon, in July, 1934. The females were provisioning their nests with the weevil, Dyslobus lecontei Casey. Scullen also reported that Bridwell had observed the same species two years previously at Detroit, Oregon, preying upon Dyslobus segnis Le Conte. In the same publication (Scullen, 1939:40) records the capture in North Dakota of a female of Eucerceris superba Cresson carrying a specimen of Ophryastes sulcirostris (Say). The latter is an otiorhynchine weevil related to Dyslobus. Eucerceris ruficeps Scullen (1948) was described from females collected at Antioch, California, and the observations reported here were made at the type locality in the fall of 1952. The general area in which Eucerceris was encountered is the sand dune region just east of Antioch, along the south shore of the San Joaquin River. Although most of the area is covered by loose and shifting sand, occasional hard-packed areas occur throughout. In three such areas, the authors discovered six females of E. ruficeps which had appropriated abandoned burrows of the Halictine bee, Lasioglossum (Sphecodogastra) aberrans (Crawford) 2 . This bee nests throughout the area in late spring and early summer and its burrows are borrowed, later in the summer, by a number of other bees and wasps. Each burrow of the bee consists of a single vertical shaft which varies in depth from about thirty to forty-five centimeters. The burrows of the Eucerceris exhibited the following features: About one centimeter within the entrance the female wasp con¬ structs a thin plug across the burrow with a small passage through 1 The writers wish to express their appreciation to G. A. Marsh for assistance in making some of the field observations reported here. 2 Identified by P. D. Hurd, Jr. 12 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 one side of the plug. At this depth the diameter of the burrow is about six millimeters, the hole in the plug about three millimeters. The wasp also constructs a loose plug of moist sand at a depth of twenty to twenty-three centimeters and at the same point constructs a lateral tunnel away from the original bee burrow. The lateral unnel continues downward at angles of from thirty to sixty degrees with the vertical axis. The total length of the lateral tunnel varies considerably in different burrows but usually terminates at a depth of from 29 to 42 centimeters. Another plug of moist sand about four centimeters in length is constructed near the bottom of the lateral tunnel and the female wasps pack the weevils which they collect into this plug. Since the weevils in the plugs are always able to move, those in the cells immobile, it is presumed that the wasps either do not paralyze them until they are ready to place them in a cell or that the sting has a delayed effect upon the nervous system. Females were never seen in the process of capturing weevils but some data are available on the plant relationships of the two weevils involved. Adults of the weevils, Dysticheus rotundicollis Van Dyke and Sitona californicus Fahrens, do not occur on the same species of plant. Both males and females of Dysticheus oc¬ curred near the nesting site on flowers of the composite, Gutierrezia californica T. & G. In another area they were found both on Gutierrezia and less commonly on another composite, Senecio douglasii D.C. Sitona were collected only from Lotus scoparius (Nutt.) Attley, although they may well occur also on other legumes growing in the locality. Both species of weevils were active in early August, when observations were made, but specimens of Sitona appeared to be less common than Dysticheus. In addition, the three Eucerceris burrows which were excavated contained a total of 106 Dysticheus and 82 Sitona. The first burrow excavated contained a female wasp in fresh condition and four cells at depths of 28 to 31 centimeters. The con¬ tents of three of the cells had molded while the fourth cell contained a cocoon and living larva. One of the moldy cells contained only 6 Dysticheus, the other two, 15 each. The cell with the cocoon had fragments of 14 additional Dysticheus. The absence of cells con¬ taining freshly captured weevils raises some question as to just when the provisioning of the cells took place, although their asso¬ ciation with the Sphecodogastra burrow establishes them as having been provisioned in the current year. JANUARY, 1954 ] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN-EUCERCERIS 13 The second burrow was located when a female carrying a Dysticheus alighted about three feet from the first burrow which was being excavated at the time. This female was later captured, along with a second female, at a depth of about 20 centimeters in the lateral tunnel. Two moist sand plugs containing weevils were also encountered. The first at 29 centimeters contained two living Sitona, the second at 39 centimeters contained eight living Di- sticheus. Four cells associated with the burrow were also excavated. One cell at 30 centimeters had been provisioned with eleven Dysticheus which had been destroyed by Tachinids. Another at the same depth contained a living larva in its cocoon surrounded by the remnants of 15 Dysticheus. The third cell at 36 centimeters also contained a cocoon and fragments of 2 Dysticheus and 20 Sitona. At 38 centimeters the fourth cell with 1 Dysticheus and 12 Sitona had been destroyed by Tachinids. At a depth of 21 centimeters, where the lateral branch originated, 10 puparia were found in the earth to one side of the burrow. Since six of these were pale yellow- brown and four were larger and dark reddish-brown it seems apparent that more than one species of parasitic fly was attacking this host. Unfortunately neither of the female wasps could be asso¬ ciated individually with the weevils stored in the plugs or in the cells. A third burrow was discovered about a foot away from the second while the second burrow was being excavated. The contents of four cells and part of the contents of a fifth cell were uncovered at depths of 36 to 42 centimeters. One cell with a Eucerceris cocoon had been provisioned with 15 Dysticheus. Adult wasps had emerged from the other four cells which had been provisioned as follows: (1) 18 Sitona, (2) 16 Sitona, (3) 3 Dysticheus and 11 Sitona, (4) 1 Dysticheus and 3 Sitona (incomplete cell). Unfortunately the rarity of this species and the limited time at our disposal permitted only these few observations. However, the data suggest that the Eucerceris wasps search for their prey on a habitat basis and that variations in provisions are due to partially exhausting one of the available sources. Furthermore, although this species is known at Antioch from about a dozen females col¬ lected in August and September, the burrow evidence might be interpreted to indicate that the species is double-brooded. 14 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 Literature Cited SCULLEN, II. A . 1939. A review of the genus Eucerceris (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Oregon State Mon. Studies Ent., 1:7-80, figs. 1948. New species in the genus Eucerceris with notes on recorded species and a revised key to the genus. Pan-Pacific Ent., 24:155-180, figs. 1951. Tribe Cercerini in: Muesebeck, Krombein and Townes, Hymen¬ optera of America north of Mexico. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Mon., 2:1004-1013. Book Review THE ANTS OF CALIFORNIA, by Thomas W. Cook, Pacific Books, Palo Alto, Calif., XYI—462 pp., 92 figs. 1953. $10.00. The reader is referred to the review of W. L. Brown and E. O. Wilson* for their reactions as ant specialists to this book. In preparing this impressive, well printed book the author had a very sincere and generous purpose in mind. He wanted to provide something useful for the amateur who is often discouraged by the scattered and at times unavailable literature in a field. However, amateurs faced with this problem in studying the ants of California are at present almost non-existant and this book will do little to encourage the development of more. Indeed it may do much to discourage them. For one thing, the novice will be baffled at the outset by the lack of an adequate means of identifying ant subfamilies and genera. Cook offers three pages of line drawings of ant profiles to fill this need. Apparently the beginner is expected to compare the ant specimen in hand with the drawings and by trial and error arrive at a higher group identification. This is a fine idea but the beginner who needs such help is the one least likely to note the often slight critical differences (if any) apparent in these drawings. Dr. Cook obviously has a great reverence for original descriptions and those he calls “revised descriptions” by subsequent workers. The great bulk of the book is due to the transcription and republication of these often useless combinations of words. It is most unfortunate to confront a beginner with such descriptions for many of them are of little value even to an expert. Dr. Cook’s “naturalists of California,” to whom he dedicates his book, would have been much better served by a standardized, modern redescription of each ant species together with adequate keys. This, however, would have resulted in a much smaller book. Cook apparently assumed that the amateur is only interested in iden¬ tification for little or no mention is made of such things as the technique of studying ants, making artificial nests, and conducting much-needed bio¬ logical studies. In short, the needs of California ant students are far from adequately satisfied by this book. One must commend the author, however, for his well meant purpose, the effort involved in transcribing the scattered work of others, and the personal expense in getting it published.—E. S. Ross. * Ent. News 64 :163-164, 1953. JANUARY, 1954] DAY-MAYFLIES 15 NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON CALIFORNIA MAYFLIES. II (Ephemeroptera) W. C. Day 1021 Hubert Road, Oakland, California The present paper is given to describe several new species of mayflies reared from nymphs collected by the author and his wife, Helen L. Day, on streams of northern California, to record the collection of species not heretofore taken in California, and to note new synonyms in the Ephemeroptera. Ephemerella levis Day, new species (Figures 1, 2, and 3) Male imago (in alcohol) Length: Body 7.5 mm.; forewing 7.5 mm.; foreleg 6.25 mm.; tails 8 mm. Head: Pale yellow, widely washed with black; nasal carina and frontal mar¬ gin white. Antenna pale smoky, basal segment brown and second segment pale. Ocelli milky white, ringed with black at base. A pair of narrow, black submedian stripes extend forward from posterior margin of head to median ocellus. Eyes large, orange, with lower portion black. Thorax: Pronotum pale yellow, extensively but lightly washed with black; a wide, black U-shaped mark, opening toward median line, parallels the margins on each side. Mesonotum pale yellow, median suture dark; a pair of short, dark dashes in antero-lateral corners; lateral areas of scutellum and entire metanotum, pale golden brown. A wide, V-shaped brown mark below base of forewing, an¬ terior to coxa of middle leg. A prominent dark spot anterior to coxa of hind leg. Entire sternum golden brown, ganglionic areas marked with black on each of the thoracic segments. Legs: Yellowish white, foretibiae faintly smoky. Coxae, trochanters, and tarsal segments of middle and hind legs finely margined with hair-line of black; tibiae smoky at base. All tarsi with first segments faintly dark basally. Wings: Hyaline, stigmatic area of fore¬ wing milky white. Wingveins clear, colorless; a dark mark on subcosta near base. A wide, purplish black stripe lies between costa and subcosta, extend¬ ing from humeral brace to base of wing. Axial cord of forewing dark purple. Abdomen: Segments 1-6 hyaline white, 7-10 opaque yellowish white. Tergites 3-7 with wide, dark bands on median portions of anterior margins; from terminals of these bands, a pair of short, wide, dark submedian bands direct themselves toward the median of posterior margin, but do not attain it. Central portions of tergites lightly surfaced with black. Tergites 1-9 marked with short, dark dashes or a pair of dark spots on each tergite on lateral margin just above pleural fold. Pleural fold pale. Ganglia darkened on sternites 1-7; dark stripes on lateral margins of sternites 1-9. Genitalia: Forceps and penes pale, smoky at tips. Tails: White, strongly banded with black at each joining. Nymph (in alcohol) Length: Body of male 7.5 to 8.0 mm.; female 7.5 to 8.5 mm. Head: Smooth, pale yellow, irregularly mottled with dark brown. Maxillary palp 16 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 fairly well developed for nymph of serrata group. Thorax: Pale yellow, ir¬ regularly mottled with dark brown anterior to wing roots. Sternum variably pale yellow, pale brown, or mottled brown. Ganglionic areas usually marked with black. Legs: Pale yellow, strongly marked with brown. Anterior surfaces of coxae brown. Trochanters pale, with large brown spot on ventral surface of each. Femora pale, with wide, brown bands near ends, on anterior surfaces only. Tibiae pale, each with wide, brown band at middle and at basal joining. Tarsi brown, each with pale band near distal end. Claws brown, A-7 denticles on each. Abdomen: Without paired dorsal spines. Posterior margins of tergites 5—7 slightly sinuate. Tergites gray brown with darkened lateral areas and dark anterior margins on 1-7. In male nymph, tergite 5 is often pale. Abdominal segments 3-9 with well developed, flattened lateral extensions, each of which bears a postero-lateral spine; when viewed from above, the lateral spines of tergite 8 appear very short; the spines of tergite 3 are small but well formed. Sternites pale with ganglionic areas darkened; a single row of curved, brown marks along lateral margins. On well marked specimens, a row of four dark spots in a line paralleling and close to anterior margin of each sternite. Gills: Borne on segments 3-7. Tails: Alternately white and brown, each joining narrowly dark; a whorl of spines at each joining. Holotype: Male imago; reared from nymph collected by the author on Capell Creek, Napa County, California, June 14, 1952; in collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Para- types (all topotypical) : 1 c? in Canadian National Collection; 1 cT in collection of Cornell University; 1 <$ in collection of G. F. Edmunds, Jr.; 3 <$ in author’s collection. Nymphs: 35 nymphs collected on Capell Creek on June 14, 1952, 40 collected on Capell Creek on May 20, 1950, and 25 collected on Sulphur Creek, Sonoma County on July 15, 1950. Nymphs have been sent with the male imagos listed above. Ephemerella levis Bay belongs to the serrata group of Ephemer- ella, and the male adult is identical in general appearance, macu- lation, and structure of the genitalia with E. micheneri Traver; however, the foretibia of E. levis is 50% longer than the forefemur, while that of E. micheneri is twice as long, these proportions being constant in all specimens examined. When describing the adults of E. micheneri in 1934, Dr. Traver tentatively associated the nymphs of this species with imagos taken at the same time and place; the writer has reared adults of E. micheneri from nymphs, and can confirm Traver’s association of nymph and adult as being correct. The nymph of E. micheneri has distinct and well formed sub¬ median, paired dorsal spines on tergites 2—8, and postero-lateral spines on segments 4—9. The nymph of E. levis has no dorsal JANUARY, 1954 ] DAY-MAYFLIES 17 Fig. 1. Ephemerella levis, genitalia, ventral aspect; Fig. 2. Ephemerella levis, penes, lateral aspect; Fig. 3. Ephemerella levis , tergites of nymph; Fig. 4. Ephemerella soquele, abdomen of nymph, lateral aspect; Fig. 5. Ephemerella soquele, tergites of nymph. 18 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 spines, and bears postero-lateral spines on segments 3—9. In both species, the postero-lateral spines of segment 8 seem lacking when viewed from above. The lateral spines of E. micheneri nymphs are edged with strong, short spines; those of E. levis are softer, longer, and hair-like. E. levis nymph is the exclusive western member of the serrata group lacking dorsal abdominal spines. On Capell Creek, the nymphs of both E. micheneri and E. levis are plentiful, and are found in shallow, slowly running water, resting on sandy bottoms; in this stream, the nymphs of E. micheneri mature about two weeks prior to those of E. levis. On Sulphur Creek, nymphs of E. levis were numerous, but E. micheneri could not be found. The association of nymph and adult was established through rearing. Ephemerella soquele Day, new species (Figures 4 and 5) Nymph (in alcohol) Length: Body 7.5 to 8 mm.; tails 3.5 mm. Head: Vertex pale with a pair of wide submedian pale brown stripes from ocelli to posterior margin; fronto- clypeus dark brown. Lateral margins of labrum black. Antero-lateral portion deeply cut away, exposing mandibles almost to base. Thorax: Pronotum pale, with a few brown spots; anterior and lateral margins straight and posterior margin slightly emarginate; a pair of low, blunt tubercles near median line, one on each side. Mesonotum pale, the developing scutum of the adult out¬ lined in black; a pair of wide, dark submedian curved stripes extend the full length of the segment. Legs: Trochanters and coxae dark; femora pale, basally dark-marked and smoky. Tibiae pale, dark banded near apical ends, and femoro-tibial knees dark. Tarsi dark brown, narrowly pale basally. Claws pale smoky brown. Abdomen: Prominent lateral extensions on segments 3-9, each with postero-lateral spine; abdomen widest at segments 5 and 6; the postero-lateral spines of segment 3 are small, but well formed and distinct. Fine, sharp-pointed submedian abdominal spines are borne on tergites 2—9, being longest on tergites 6 and 7; these spines are elevated from the dorsal plane of tergites 2-4 about 60 degrees, but progressively decrease this angle to about 10 degrees on tergite 9. Tergites 1-5 pale, with lateral areas widely dark brown; tergites 1—5 with median brown areas. Tergites 6 and 7 solid dark brown, with a pair of small pale areas on anterior margins, one on each side. Tergite 8 with median area pale, dark brown on each side. Tergites 9 and 10 wholly pale. Lateral extensions dark brown, postero-lateral spines pale. Sternites dark brown, 8 and 9 sometimes pale with a few dark markings. Sternites with short hyaline-white submedian dashes based on anterior margins of 2-9; a single row of short dark dashes usually along lateral border at bases of lateral extensions. Gills: Borne on segments 4-7, those on 4-6 being semi-operculate; rudimentary gill on segment 1. Tails: Fringed with hairs on each side, hairs longest at middle, nearly bare at tips. Tails pale, tips dark. JANUARY, 1954 ] DAY—MAYFLIES 19 Holotype: Male nymph; collected by Helen L. Day and the author at Soquel Meadow, Willow Creek, Madera County, California, on July 14, 1951; in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes: 4 nymphs in California Academy of Sciences collection; 4 nymphs in Canadian National collection; 4 nymphs in Cornell University collection; 4 nymphs in G. F. Edmunds, Jr. collection. 20 nymphs in author’s collection. Ephemerella soquele Day belongs to the simplex group of this genus, and is most closely related to E. margarita Needham. In E. margarita, the paired dorsal abdominal spines are very short and are borne on segments 3—9; in E. soquele, these paired spines are borne on tergites 2—9, and are much larger and longer, those on 6 and 7 being more than one-fourth as long as the tergites on which they are located. The postero-lateral spines on E. margarita are found on segments 4—9; in E. soquele these spines are longer, more acute, and found on segments 3—9. The middle and hind legs of E. margarita are comparatively shorter than those of E. soquele. The outer margins of the mandibles of E. margarita are almost straight, while those of E. soquele are widely convex. On Willow Creek, the nymphs of E. soquele were taken on a shallow, sandy bottom at the quiet, warm edge of a large pool. Rhithrogena decora Day, new species (Figures 6, 7 and 8) Male imago (in alcohol) Length: Body 7.0 mm.; forewing 7.84 mm.; foreleg 5.6 mm.; tails 16.8 mm. Head: Pale yellow brown, nasal carina darker; frontal margin widely hyaline, speckled with fine, black spots, these spots larger and closer together in median portion. Ocelli black, centers milky. First joint of antenna short, pale, with white surrounding base; second joint longer, pale with dark tip, flagellum smoky with dark tip. Eyes contiguous, pale yellow brown, lower portions black. Thorax: Pronotum pale yellow, a short, wide, purple black stripe on medial portion of posterior margin. Mesonotum pale yellow, postero¬ lateral areas washed with pale brown; inner parapsidal and median furrows marked finely with black; scutellum and postscutellum dark brown; the median dorsal surface of scutellum and median area of scutum immediately anterior, chalky white. Scutellum of metanotum pale with four dark spots; postscutellum dark brown. Pleura pale yellow and chalky white, prominently marked with three wide purple black stripes, as follows: from the anterior point of attachment of wing base, a wide stripe extends forward to pronotum; from the same point of origin, a second wide stripe extends obliquely down¬ ward and across foreleg above forecoxa; posterior to and paralleling this latter stripe, another stripe extends from wing base down under the foreleg, terminating on the prosternum. A short, wide purple black stripe above each coxa. Legs: White, foreleg with femur yellowish, tibia and tarsi faintly 20 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 darker. Coxae each with black spot on apical margin. Femora finely margined with black at basal joining, and dark banded at distal end; strongly marked with short, black, longitudinal stripe at middle of anterior surfaces. Tarsal joinings finely black. Claws somewhat darkened. Wings: Clear and iridescent; longitudinal veins light gray, crossveins colorless; humeral brace blackish brown except for short portion near and at costa. Stigmatic area of the forewing, milky white. Of the 15-18 crossveins of the stigmatic area, three or four are usually forked or anastomosed, while numerous specimens have these crossveins simple and unforked. Abdomen: Tergite 1 purplish brown, anterior margin white; 9 and 10 chalky white. Tergites 2-8 washed with purplish brown, posterior margins darker, marked with hyaline white pattern as follows: large triangles in the four corners; paramedian spots one-quarter distant from posterior margin; wide, curved stripes based on anterior margin almost reaching paramedian spots; a narrow median stripe. Sternites 7—9 largely chalky white; 1—6 hyaline white. Genitalia: Forceps and penes smoky. Tails: Smoky, lighter at tips; a few sections at base faintly dark ringed at joinings. Female imago, (in alcohol) Female slightly larger and much paler than male, the abdomen being a light, rosy purple. Nymph, (in alcohol) Length: Body of male 6.0 mm.; female 7.0 mm. Head: Concolorous blackish brown, posterior margin paler; epicranial sutures hyaline white. Thorax: Notal surfaces, including wingpads, blackish brown, with a solid white band across posterior half of mesonotum and bases of wingpads; near anterior border of this white band, a pair of small, circular dark spots near lateral margins, one on each side; a narrow white median stripe extends the full length of both segments. Legs: Femora medium brown, anterior surfaces with large white area on basal half, and smaller white area at distal end; in middle of basal white area, a large black spot and 4-5 tiny spots; dorsal edge with numerous spines. Tibiae smoky. Tarsi pale, distally dark banded. Claws smoky. Abdomen: Tergites 1-4 medium brown, 6-10 blackish brown. Tergite 5 white, lateral margins widely dark brown; posterior third of tergite 4 and anterior third of tergite 6 sometimes white. Small paramedian dark spots usually found on tergites 3 and 4. Spiracles marked with large dark spots. Posterior margins of tergites 1-10 set with numerous fine denticles. Sternites brown, very pale on sternite 1, progressively darker to sternite 9 which is very dark; lateral margins blackish brown; a short, black stripe in median portion, parallel and close to each posterior margin; half-way between lateral margins and median line, and parallel to latter, a long, narrow white stripe; oblique white dashes are based on anterior margins near median line; paramedian white spots usually on stenite 8. Gills: Lamellae translucent white, tracheae smoky; fibrillae smoky. Lamellate gills 1-6 “eared”, the “ear” of gill 1 being very small, and those of 3-5 propor¬ tionately very large. Tails: White. Holotype: Male imago, collected by author and Helen L. Day on Hat Creek, Shasta County, California, July 21, 1953; in collection of California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female JANUARY, 1954] DAY-MAYFLIES 21 Fig. 6. Rhithrogena decora, genitalia, ventral aspect; Fig. 7. Rhithrogena decora, third nymphal gill; Fig. 8. Rhithrogena decora, fifth nymphal gill; Fig. 9. Paraleptophlebia cachea, third nymphal gill; Fig. 10 . Paraleptophlebia gregalis, penes, ventral aspect; Fig. 11. Paraleptophlebia cachea, genitalia, ventral aspect. 22 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 imago, same data. Paratypes (all topotypical) : 3 <$ in Canadian National Collection; 3 d in Cornell University Collection; 3 S to G. F. Edmunds, Jr.; 65 cf in author’s collection. Nymphs: 50 nymphs collected between Emigrant Crossing and Boundary Camp on Hat Creek, July 15 to July 30, 1953. Nymphs have been sent with the male imagos listed above. The association of nymph and adult was established through rearing. Diagnosis: Rhithrogena decora Day is of the hrunnae type, and is much smaller than any Rhithrogena found in California to date. The nymph is recognized by the wide white banding of the thorax which contrasts strongly with the small dark body. This species seems quite tolerant of temperature differences, nymphs being well developed in various sections of Hat Creek that varied from 50° to 62° F. measured at 3:00 P. M. Nymphal emergence occurs from 5:00 to 6:30 P. M., and the adults are attracted to light. R. decora occurs in close association with what I now refer to as RHithrogena californica, n. sp., a medium brown species very closely related to R. doddsi. During the last week in July, 1953, the last of the R. decora were emerging at the same time as the first of the R. californica were emerging. Compared to other California Rhithrogena, R. decora seems most stable in the form and spining of the penes. In all specimens examined, the arms of the penes are narrowed and rounded at the tips, and slightly divergent; one strong mid-ventral tooth is found on each arm, and the apical spines, which can be seen only at high magnifications, are little more than fine, scattered hairs. Paraleptophlebia cachea Day, new species (Figures 9, and 11) Male imago (in alcohol) Length: Body 9.0 mm.; forewing 9.0 mm.; foreleg 9.0 mm.; tails 13.0 mm. Head: Fuscous, frontal margin widely translucent pale brown; a wide, pale brown median stripe on vertex. Eyes almost contiguous, pale with lower portion black. Ocelli milky white, bases black. First two segments of an¬ tenna brown, flagellum dark smoky, tips white. Thorax: Pronotum brown, median portion of anterior and posterior margins and median line with black stripes. Mesonotum fuscous, lateral and anterior margins yellow marked with fuscous; margins and area anterior to scutellum black. Sclerites of pleuron dark brown, membranous areas yellow. Metanotum dark brown with black markings. Legs: Femora medium golden brown, forefemur darkened at distal end. Tibiae light brown; tarsi pale. Wings: Faintly milky, stigmatic area light brown tinted and translucent. Wing veins yellow brown, progressively paler toward posterior margin. Abdomen: Tergite 1 dark brown; 7-10 JANUARY, 1954 ] DAY-MAYFLIES 23 medium golden brown; 2-6 yellow brown. Anterior margins of tergites and geminate stripes along pleural fold smoky; a fine black mark from spiracles to postero-lateral corners. Tergites 2-10 with median dark stripe and short oblique dark dashes from a point near median of anterior margin. Sternites 1 and 8 medium brown with small, dark paramedian spots. Sternite 9 with dark brown W-shaped mark based on anterior margin, occupying about one-half the area of this sternite; remainder of sternite 9 white. Sternites 2-7 pale yellow brown, anterior margins usually dark; small paramedian dark spots present, as well as very short dark oblique dashes based close to anterior margins. Ganglionic areas of sternites 2-7 usually very faintly brown tinted. Genitalia: Forceps base, forceps and penes light, bright brown. Tails: Yellow brown, paling distally; joinings narrowly marked with red brown. Female imago (in alcohol) Female imago larger and lacking strong color contrasts of male imago. Head and mesonotum medium dark brown; abdomen more reddish and con- colorous than male imago. Abdominal markings as in male; wing veins heavier and stronger in color than male, being dark red brown. Nymph (in alcohol) Length: Body of male 8.0 mm.; female 9.0 mm. Head: Dark red brown, white areas laterad and cephalad of ocelli. Antenna pale at base, darkening distally, 5 mm. in length. Thorax: Notum dark red brown, anterior margins of pronotum and mesonotum black. Developing scutellum of mesothorax black. Legs: Coxae and tronchanters dark brown. Femora and tibiae pale brown. Tarsi dark brown. Claws dark at base, white tipped, with 18-21 fine denticles on inner margin of each. Ventral margins of all segments closely set with fine spines, those of dorsal margins being coarser and less numerous; a ring of strong spines near apical margins of tibiae. Abdomen: Dark red brown, unmarked; overlapping of tergites gives appearance of wide black posterior margins of these. Sternites pale yellow brown, very widely dark brown laterally; anterior margins narrowly black; dark spots and oblique dashes of adult can be faintly seen. Sharp postero-lateral spines borne on segments 8 and 9; short, blunt spines on segment 7. In the nymphal cast skin, adult pattern of the tergites can be seen clearly. Gills: Broadly lance¬ olate, divided almost to base. Tracheae strongly dark, as are a few tracheoles. Tails: Light brown, pale lateral hairs stemming from joinings. Holotype: Male imago, reared from nymph collected by the author and Helen L. Day on small tributary of Cache Creek, Yolo County, California, 6 miles north of Rumsey, April 19, 1953; in collection of California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female imago, same data. Paratypes (all topotypical) : 1 <$ in Canadian National Collection; 1 cf in Cornell University Collec¬ tion; 1 cf to G. F. Edmunds, Jr.; 8 cf of April 19, 1953, 6 cf and 3 ? of April 26, 1953, and 4 cf of May 17, 1952 in author’s collection. Nymphs: Nymphs and cast skins have been sent with types and paratypes listed above; the author retains 8 nymphs and 24 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 12 cast skins. The association of nymph and adult was established through rearing. Diagnosis: The form of the penes of P. cachea Day shows no least variation among the male adults collected in two different years, and serves to separate this species from P. californica and P. quisquilia. From the latter two species, P. cachea may also be separated by the markings of the abdomen, and by the blackness of the dorsum of both male adult and nymph of the new species. The nymphs of P. cachea are adapted to unusually high water temperatures as we found them actively moving about in a small, slow moving creek of 72° to 76° F. at 3:00 P. M. All other nymphs of P araleptophlebia observed by the author emerge at water tem¬ peratures of 48° to 60° F. Ameletus validus McDunnough (Figures 12 and 14) Ameletus validus McDunnough, 1923. Canad. Ent. 55:50 Through the kindness of Mr. W. J. Brown of the Canadian National Collection, I have examined the paratype of the above species, and a slide of the genitalia of same, taken at Banff, Alberta, on September 30, 1922 by C. B. D. Garrett, and can now state that the same late season species is also found in California. From September 26 to September 30, 1953, the author and his wife took nymphs for rearing from the Upper Truckee River, El Dorado County, California, which proved to be A. validus. In this stream, with water at 52° F. at 3:00 P. M., the nymph emerges for about two hours starting at 10:30 A. M. The nymph is found only where well protected from the slightest current at the water’s edge, between and behind small stones. In emerging, the nymph crawls entirely out of the water, breaks out of the skin, dries the wings for up to 21 minutes, and flies high into nearby trees. The only other mature nymph found in association with A. validus was Paraleptophlebia debilis. As an aid to identification, a drawing of the genitalia of A. validus is given as a part of this paper. Rhithrogena flavianula McDunnough (Figure 13) Heptagenia flavianula McDunnough, 1924. Canad. Ent. 56:225 By comparison with a paratype and genitalia slide of the above species, loaned by the Canadian National Collection, verification has been made of the collection of R. flavianula on the West Fork JANUARY, 1954] DAY-MAYFLIES 25 of the Carson River, Alpine County, California. The drawing of the penes given at the time of description of R. flavianula lacks several details, so a new drawing is presented herewith. As is true of other species of the genus Rhithrogena, the upright¬ ness or divergence of the arms of the penes cannot be depended upon as a character for the separation of species, as in several species of Rhithrogena there is great variation shown in this degree of divergence. In several species of Rhithrogena there is also found considerable variation in the size and numbers of teeth and/or spines on the penes of the male adult. Fig. 12. Ameletus validus, genitalia, ventral aspect; Fig. 13. Rhithrogena flavianula, penes, dorsal aspect; Fig. 14. Ameletus validus, penes, lateral aspect. Ephemerella hystrix Traver Ephemerella hystrix Traver, 1934. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50:212 Ephemerella spinosa Mayo, 1951. Pan-Pac. Ento. 27:122 Examination of the holotypes of E. hystrix and E. spinosa, together with many specimens of E. hystrix collected by the author in five counties of California, leads to the conclusion that E. spinosa is a synonym of E. hystrix. A micro-slide of mouthparts of E. hystrix from Cornell University Collection bears the same col¬ lecting data as the holotype, and shows these mouthparts to be identical with those of the California species. 26 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 The holotype nymph is faded, but the small denticles on the abdominal spines are easily seen and precisely like those of the California specimens in size and placement. Even though faded, the Cornell holotype shows the distinctive maculation of tergites and sternites, and the dark pattern of the gills just as they are seen in all California specimens. The holotype is broader proportion¬ ately than some California specimens, and less broad than others. Like all other species of long-spined Ephemerella collected by the author, I find considerable variation in the length, curvature and inclination of the dorsal spines of the California E. hystrix, and the holotype nymph falls well within the limits of these variations. Ephemerella Proserpina Traver Ephemerella proserpina Traver, 1934. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50:223 Ephemerella yosemite Traver, 1934. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50:225 E. proserpina was described from a single nymph taken in the San Bernardino Mts. of California, and E. yosemite from ten quite immature nymphs from Central and Northern California. I have examined the above specimens and collected many mature and immature nymphs of this species from seven California Counties; recently, a mature specimen of the species, collected in the San Bernardino Mts., was received from John Belkin. I feel certain that but one species is involved in all the above material, and that E. yosemite is a synonym of E. proserpina. The variation in this species is typical of the nymphs of the long-spined Ephemerella, and can be demonstrated in the following analysis of a few characters in twenty-four mature nymphs of E. proserpina taken from one area of about sixty square feet on East Fork Carson River on July 3, 1949. AA 19 have posterior pair pronotal tubercles of equal height of these 13 with low submarginal pronotal tubercles 6 with higher submarginal pronotal tubercles 12 with margin of 9th. segment flared 7 with margin of 9th. segment straight BB 5 have posterior pair pronotal tubercles unequal in height of these 2 with low submarginal pronotal tubercles 3 with higher submarginal pronotal tubercles 5 with margin of 9th segment straight Male and female adults of E. proserpina have been reared and will be described in another paper. JANUARY, 1954 ] DAY-MAYFLIES 27 Paraleptophlebia gregalis Eaton (Figure 10) Leptophlebia gregalis Eaton, 1884. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Sec. Ser. Zool. 2:98 Leptophlebia invalida McDunnough, 1926. Canad. Ent. 58:297 In connection with correspondence concerning P. gregalis, Mr. D. E. Kiminins of the British Museum (Natural History) has recently cleared in KOH “the genitalia of a paratype which ap¬ peared identical with the type in the dried state,” and has supplied me with a fine drawing, which is reproduced herewith. Mr. Kimmins’ drawing gives, for the first time, the true appearance of this taxonomic feature that is essential to the correct separation of P. gregalis. Comparison of a Canadian National Collection micro-slide of the genitalia of a paratype of P. invalida with the above drawing from Mr. Kimmins, would seem to establish the fact that P. invalida is a synonym of P. gregalis; the possibility of this syno¬ nymy was first suggested by McDunnough in his original descrip¬ tion of P. invalida. P. sculleni may also prove to be a synonym of P. gregalis. P. sculleni was described from a now broken-up single male adult, this specimen having had forelegs missing when described. The slide of the genitalia made from the holotype of P. sculleni is in excellent condition, and shows marked similarities to P. gregalis; notably in the apical lobes of the penes, opening between same, and the unique, widely curved lower margins of the reflex spurs shown in the sketch from Mr. Kimmins. The type locality of P. gregalis was given as “Mt. Hood” and that of P. sculleni as “Cor¬ vallis, Oregon”; these localities are about 100 miles apart. Siphlonurus spectabilis Traver Siphlonurus spectabilis Traver, 1934. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50:233 Siphlonurus maria Mayo, 1939. Pan-Pac. Ento. 15:145 The author has examined the type material of S. spectabilis and that of S. maria, has re-collected and reared adults at the type localities of both species, and collected specimens of this very common species in 14 California counties. I feel sure that but one species of the two is valid, and that S. maria is a synonym of S. spectabilis. The original description of the male adult of S. spectabilis was drawn from the single male adult collected, and it seems probable to me that this was a teneral or improperly preserved specimen; 28 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 the Mayo description of S. maria perfectly describes the specimens that I collected on Waddell Creek, the type locality of S. spectabilis. In connection with several points made in the diagnosis of S. maria accompanying the species description (P.P.E. 15:148), S. spectabilis from Waddell Creek and elsewhere is usually dark red brown in life, forewings are speckled as in specimens from Amador County, and hindwings nearly or wholly dark orange brown. The Waddell male adult has the oblique band across the eyes, and I can find no differences in size of spines of the penes nor length of the forceps except in proportion to the size of the specimen, which is variable. Both the color of the abdomen and hind wing of the male adult varies from one location to another, and in specimens collected at different times from one location; there is some reason to believe that the later hatch is smaller and paler, as in several species of the genus Callibaetis. New Records of Mayflies in California The author and his wife, Helen L. Day, have collected in California several known species not previously reported from this State, as follows: Species Area of type locality Collected in California Heptagenia elegantula Eaton Colorado Stanislaus County Rhithrogena doddsi McDunnough Alberta Montane Rhithrogena morrisoni Banks Nevada General Cinygmula uniformis McDunnough B. C. Coast Range Iron (Epeorus) albertae McDunnough Alberta General Iron (Epeorus) dulciana McDunnough B. C. Sierra Nevada Iron (Epeorus) longimanus Eaton Colorado General Siphlonurus occidentalis Eaton Colo. - Wash. No. Calif. Paraleptophlebia debilis Walker N. S. General Ephemerella heterocaudata McDunnough Wyo. - Mont. Montane Ephemerella coloradensis Dodds Colorado Montane Baetis insignificans McDunnough B. C. Siskiyou County Baetis intermedius Dodds Colorado Sierra Nevada Baetis tricaudatus Dodds Colorado Sierra Nevada Centroptilum convexum Ide Ontario No. Calif. Coastal References Eaton, A. E. 1883-1888. A revisional monograph of the recent Ephemeridae or may¬ flies. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Sec. Ser. Zool. 3:1-352, pis. 1-65. Mayo, Velma Knox 1939. New Western Ephemeroptera. Pan-Pacific Ent. 15 (4): 145-154, figs. 1-21. JANUARY,1954] DAY-MAYFLIES 29 1951. New Western Ephemeroptera II. Pan-Pacific Ent. 27(3) : 121—145, figs. 1-10. McDunnough, J. 1923. New Canadian Ephemeridae with notes. Canad. Ent. 55(2) :50—51, figs. 1-3. 1924. New North American Ephemeridae. Canad. Ent. 56(9) :221—226, pi. 5. 1926. New Canadian Ephemeridae with Notes. Canad. Ent. 58(12) :296- 302, pi. 3. Traver, J. R. 1934. New North American species of mayflies. Jour, of the Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50:189-254, pi. 16. NEW SPECIES OF CALIFORNIA MAYFLIES IN THE GENUS BAETIS (Ephemeroptera) W. C. Day 1021 Hubert Road, Oakland, California Living under conditions of great variety, representatives of the genus Baetis are found in many types of moving fresh water in California. The small nymphs have adapted themselves to a wide range of temperatures and climates, and are taken at all elevations and at many seasons. The adult swarms ordinarily consist of a large number of in¬ dividuals, and flights often occur in bright daylight. Heavily preyed upon by birds and insects, the large populations of Baetis are probably a most important element in their survival. In the present paper, four new Baetis are described, these pos¬ sibly having speciated in the Coastal Valleys of this State. Baetis leechi Day, new species (Figures 1 and 2) Male imago (in alcohol) Length: Body 4.0 mm.; forewing 4.0 mm.; foreleg 4.0 mm.; tails 9.0 mm. Head: Pale yellow brown, posterior margin finely black; a broad median Y-shaped black stripe running cephalad from posterior margin, forks into a pair of submedian fine stripes which terminate at lateral ocelli. Basal segment of antenna brown, second segment and filament yellow. Eyes .6 mm. on longest diameter; stalks .4 mm. in height, measured up the outer side. Thorax: Pronotum yellow washed with black. Mesonotum bright red brown, median suture and margins of scutum finely black. S’cutellum pale, a pair of very small submedian pale spots anterior to this pale area; heavily mar¬ gined with black. Sternum with brown sclerites outlined in black. Legs: Coxae brown; foreleg smoky with femur darker; middle and hindlegs pale. Wings: Hyaline, stigmatic area strongly milky and with 3—5 crossveins 30 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 strongly slanting; a small dark spot at base of each wing. Wingveins entirely colorless. Paired marginal intercalaries of forewing longest toward costal margin but lacking in first interspace. Hindwing with three longitudinal veins, the third close to and joining hind margin about half-way to tip; no crossveins or intercalaries; costal projection prominent and strongly curved much as in Centroptilum. Abdomen: Tergite 1 red brown, 7—10 opaque yellow with faint cast of brown; 2-6 hyaline palest yellow brown with wide white hyaline posterior margins; wide whitish median and paramedian stripes full length of tergites 2—6. Sternites 1-7 hyaline palest yellow. The wide black geminate lines along pleural fold enclose a strong black spiracular spot and another dark spot near anterior margin on each segment 1-7. Genitalia: Second joint of forceps tapered as in the intercaleris group. All segments of forceps translucent milky white; a fine black lateral line at base of first segment of forceps. Tails: Translucent milky white; joinings white. Holotype: Male imago, collected by Helen L. Day and the author on Conn Creek, near Rutherford, Napa County, Cali¬ fornia, September 24, 1949, in California Academy of Sciences collection. Paratypes, all topotypical: 5 cf in Canadian National collection; 5 cf in Cornell University collection; 5 c? to G. F. Edmunds, Jr.; 40 etween posterior ocelli slightly shorter than distance from one of them margin, more distinctly shorter than distance to posterior margin of vertex; pubescence of genal areas abundant, depressed, and directed forward; I tati tn o ginal areas particularly fine and close; clypeal truncation JANUARY, 1954] MICHENER—MEGA CHI LI DAE 45 about as long as distance from its rounded end to lateral angle of clypeus; mandibles slightly less than three times as long as shortest breadth, tridentate, subapical dorsal swelling rounded, distant from apex of third tooth by about one-third shortest breadth of mandibles; maxillary palpi little more than half as long as first segment of labial palpi, five-segmented but last segment short and exceedingly minute, third segment longer than the others, first, second and fourth subequal in length. Dorsum of thorax finely and closely punctured but somewhat more coarsely so than vertex; mesepisterna more coarsely punctured than mesoscutum, punctures slightly separated by shining ground; enclosure of propodeum somewhat roughened above; tegulae reddish brown, infuscated anteriorly; hind tibial spurs reddish brown, somewhat curved apically; hind basitarsi dull, minutely punctured, parallel-sided basally, tapering apically, 2.3 times as long as broad. Abdomen strongly punctured, the coarser punctures of sides of terga coarser than those of any part of thorax, punctures of middorsal parts of first three metasomal terga separated by less than a puncture width in most places and extending almost to posterior margins of terga; punctures of fourth tergum closer than those of preceding terga; punctures of fifth and sixth terga finer and about as close as possible; scopa yellowish white, short, hairs of second sternum not much longer than length of exposed portion of sternum; apical pubescent bands of terga broken medially on first three terga. Male: Length 9 mm. Similar to female in appearance and punctation. Clypeus but little more finely punctured than rest of head; distance between posterior ocelli equal to distance from one of them to eye margin and to distance to posterior margin of vertex; clypeal truncation slightly produced, demarked by distinct angles, much longer than distance from end of trunca¬ tion to lateral angle of clypeus; margin of truncation slightly crenulate, narrowly impunctate. Punctation of mesoscutum scarcely coarser than that of vertex. Third metasomal sternum with conspicuous, broad, fringed emargi- nation; sixth tergum with strong tooth at each side, the apex of which is distinctly acute, laterally this tergum not strongly convex; seventh tergum with median tooth slightly exceeding the distinct lateral lobes; posterior margins of terga much more broadly reddish brown than in female. Holotype female: Mineralking, Tulare County, California, July 31, 1935 (G. E. Bohart). This specimen is being deposited at Dr. Bohart s request in the California Academy of Sciences. Because it was not collected at the same place, the male speci¬ men, from Huntington Lake, Fresno County, California, August, 1917 (I. McCracken) [C. A. S.] has not been designated as an allotype. Anthocopa rubrella macsw aini Michener, new subspecies Female: Length 5 mm. (varying to 4 mm. among paratypes). Agrees with typical rubrella Michener (from Texas) but is smaller (rubrella ranges from 5.6 to 7 mm. in length), with the median pair of small lobes on the clypeal margin broader, each consistently half as wide as the lateral apical lobes formed by the ends of the clypeal truncation. Male: Length 5 mm. (varying to 4 mm. among paratypes). Agrees with typical rubrella except for smaller size. 46 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 Holotype female, allotype male, and two female and eight male paratypes: Two miles south of Baker, San Bernardino County, California, April 4, 1953 (J. W. MacSwain [U. C., B.] . One male paratype: seven miles north of Vidal Junction, San Bernardino County, California, April 3, 1951 (P. D. Hurd) [U. C., B.]. The holotype and allotype are placed in the Snow Entomologi¬ cal Museum, University of Kansas. A single male from twenty-two miles south of Las Vegas, Nevada, April 3, 1953 (J. W. MacSwain) [U. C., B.] is referred to this subsepcies. A single male, large enough to be typical rubrella, is from San Carlos Bay, Sonora, Mexico, on Dalea, April 8, 1952 (L. D. Anderson) [U. C., R.] . Anthocopa rubrella rubrior Michener, new subspecies Female: Length 5 mm. (varying to 4.5 mm. among paratypes). Agrees with typical rubrella Michener (from Texas) except for the smaller size, the broader median lobes of the clypeal margin (each of which is nearly as wide as the lateral apical lobes formed by the ends of the clypeal truncation), and the larger amount of red coloration, as follows: mandibles except bases and apices, apical margin of clypeus, tegulae, posterior lobes of pronotum (black in some paratypes), posterior femora (largely black in some para¬ types), inner surfaces of posterior tibiae (black in some paratypes), and entire metasoma, infuscated on sixth tergum and sternum. (In some paratypes middorsal areas on fourth and fifth terga, basal portion of sixth tergum and entire fifth and sixth sterna black). The pubescence seems denser and whiter than that of either rubrella proper or macswaini. Male: Length 5.5 mm. (varying to 5 mm. among paratypes). Agrees with typical rubrella except in coloration, which is as in the female. Holotype female, allotype male and one male paratype: Hop¬ kins Well, Riverside County, California, April 29, 1952 (J. G. Rozen) [U. C., B.]. One female paratype: twenty-four miles south of Indio, California, on Dalea mollis, March 25, 1933 (P. H. Tim- berlake) [U. C., R.]. One female paratype: eighteen miles west of Blythe, California, on Dalea mollis, April 30, 1952 (P. H. Timber- lake) [U. C., R.]. One female paratype: Anza State Park, San Diego County, California, April 23, 1951 (R. C. Bechtel) [U. C., D.]. One male paratype: Borego, San Diego County, Cali¬ fornia, May 2, 1952 (J. G. Rozen) [U. C., B.] . The holotype and allotype are placed in the Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas. This subspecies is much more different from the Texan rubrella than is macswaini from San Bernardino County. The latter is inter¬ mediate in certain respects. Nonetheless it is possible that rubrior JANUARY, 1954] MICHENER-MEGACHILIDAE 47 represents a different species but this probably will not be clear unless rubrior and macswaini are found to occur in the same area. Anthocopa hurdiana Michener, new species This form is similar to A. rubrella macswaini, differing in the simple truncate clypeal margin of the female, the less convex and less shining upper part of the clypeus of the female, the slightly narrower genal areas of the female, the position of the ocelli slightly nearer to the posterior edge of the vertex in the female, and the slightly narrower head in the male. Female: Length 5 mm. Agrees with the description of A. rubrella (Michener, 1949) except as follows: Clypeus truncate, truncation shorter than distance from its end to lateral angle of clypeus; upper two-thirds of clypeus less convex, its punctures rather close, much larger than those else¬ where on head; median ocellus about twice as far from antennal bases as from posterior edge of vertex; distance between posterior ocelli equal to distance from one of them to eye margin, much greater than distance to posterior edge of vertex; genal areas about half as wide as eye, seen from side. Tegulae brown, infuscated anteriorly; punctation of mesoscutum like that of vertex, that of mesepisterna slightly sparser. Second metasomal tergum with black spot dorsally, third largely black dorsally. Male: Length 5 mm. Differs from the description of A. rubrella as follows: Inner margins of eyes distinctly converging below. Holotype female, allotype male, and one female paratype: Sur¬ prise Canyon, Inyo County, California, on Dalea fremontii, April 28, 1953 (P. D. Hurd) [U. C., B.]. The holotype and allo¬ type are in the Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas. Anthocopa namatophila Michener, new species This small black species is a member of the subgenus Phaeosmia, in so far as can be determined from the female alone. In size and in the presence of an apical flange, not hidden by a subapical fascia, on the sixth tergum, this species resembles A. rubrella Michener, maryae Michener and hurdiana Michener. It differs from the first two by the unmodified clypeal margin. Females: Length 5 mm. Pubescence white, brushes of hair under margin of clypeus short but rather broad and orange, mandibles with some orange hair on outer surfaces but not forming a definite brush. Inner margins of eyes slightly converging below; anterior margin of clypeus produced to a broadly rounded truncation with rounded ends, length of truncation about equal to distance from end of truncation to lateral angle of clypeus, produced anterior marginal area of clypeus not directed forward; head rather finely punctured, punctures not widely separated, those of clypeus coarser than on rest of head; upper two-thirds of clypeus but little more strongly convex than lower third of clypeus and slightly more coarsely punctured than lower third; lower third with punctures exceedingly close except for the narrow impunc- 48 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 tate apical margin of truncation: anterior margin of clypeus rather broadly red; anterior ocellus twice as far from antennal bases as from posterior edge of vertex; distance between posterior ocelli about equal to distance from one of them to eye margin, nearly twice distance from one of them to posterior margin of vertex; mandibles red except basally, subapical inner swelling rather high and obliquely truncate distally, apex of median mandibular tooth about equidistant between apices of upper and lower teeth: maxillary palpi short, five-segmented, second and third segments subequal and longer than any of the others; first segment of labial palpus about half as long as second. Thorax about as coarsely punctate as head, disc of mesoscutum with punctures slightly more widely separated than those of vertex; mesepisternum with punctures slightly finer than those of mesoscutum, more widely separated than and slightly coarser than those of genal areas; upper portion of enclosure of propodeum slightly roughened, lower portion shining; tegulae testaceous, infuscated anteriorly; hind tibial spurs testaceous, slightly curved at apices; wings faintly dusky. Abdomen distinctly punctured; punctures of central portion of second tergum slightly finer than those of mesoscutum, separated by about a puncture width; posterior margins of terga broadly brownish with a distinct impunctate zone along the margin proper in front of which is a region of fine punctation; posterior margins of terga with bands of white pubescence which are not dense enough to obscure the brownish margins of the terga; sixth tergum without a subapical band of hairs but with scattered distinct white hairs over entire surface and with a brownish flange along posterior margin; scopa white. Holotype female and three female paratypes: seven and one- half MILES SOUTH OF TWENTY-NINE PALMS, CALIFORNIA, on Namd demissum , May 7, 1949 (P. H. Timberlake) [U. C., R.]. Anthocopa segregata Michener, new species Anthocopa robustula, Michener, 1943, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 36:71 (Kearsarge record only). Specimens of this species have been confused in collections with A. robustula (Cockerell). They differ particularly in the coarser punctation of the upper, convex part of the clypeus of the female, this region being conspicuously more coarsely punctured than any other part of the head. Also the subapical swelling of the inner margin of the mandible is weak and gently rounded, not strong and tiuncated apically as in robustula. The species is also close to A. hypostomalis Michener but differs in having the hypostomal carinae low with the longitudinal portions longer than the transverse portions. Female: Length 8 mm. (paratype 7 mm.) Pubescence white, brushes of liair under margin of clypeus broad, rather long, orange; mandibles without brushes of orange hair on other surfaces. Inner margins of eyes very slightly Utile if any longer than wide, second joint hardly one-half as long as firs, in 9, i„ * appearing but sw II S10r 77 T,., lrSt; th,rd J01nt com P osed of five annuli, the basal one swollen and bead-1,ke ,n 3, less distinctly bead-like in 9, as thick as first and second antennal joints; remaining annuli abruptly slender in g, slightly ;‘° n U , 5 and ta Penng more gradually from basal annulus. Third antennal J ?" m bUt "!! e 1 “"f. r ' han firSt and second ,aken together, in $ con- 7 ’ > , °" Ber ' ! [ ,nd tlblae Wltb * w0 spurs. Femora and tibiae not thick- slieh„ m0 t. !. y w, der !n 4 ’ a lit,le heavier in ? - 'he front tibiae of 9 eWd l b0Wed u ' n 7j n0rmal , Whh n ° ne of ,he Posterior cells narrowed or closed, longer than abdomen. Type, Apatolestes eiseni Towns. n e ‘ Sen ‘ T ° WnS - PrOC - Cal Acad ' So'- S er- 2, Vol. IV, p. 596, No. 9 (Apatolestes or nov. gen.). JANUARY, 1954] PHILIP-TABANIDAE 55 San Jose del Cabo. One 9, and two $ $, Sept. These three additional specimens enable me [ 1 ownsend] to properly characterize the form as a new genus. It is very distinct from the previously known genera. The 9 measures full 10 mm. in length; wing 9 mm. The $, 7 to 8 mm. The whole insect has a blackish appearance, even including the halters and wings, though the color of the body and head is dark brownish. The front, face, and antennae are dilute brownish, more dilute in the $’s; the tip of anulate portion of antenna is black.” 1 ownsend’s failure to publish this manuscript is probably ex¬ plained by his statement written to Hine that he intended hence¬ forth to concentrate on the higher Diptera. A dermestid larva (molted skin still present) has destroyed the entire abdomen, one side of the thorax with one wing missing, parts of one eye and one antenna of the British Museum specimen. A little damage along the dorsum of the plate and 3 annuli of the other antenna has occurred but all segments are present. The fol¬ lowing additional but limited description can be made. The basal plate of the third segment, though “bead-like” in profile, is laterally compressed and not as thick as the pedicel and scape. The last is a little longer than thick, not produced above, with sparse black hairs; pedicel as tall but about two-thirds as long; plate subequal to the scape in length but more compressed laterally, and the four terminal annuli nearly twice as long as the plate and constricted abruptly not tapering from their juncture. The frontal triangle is restricted due to the extensive eye area, and is bare and shining brownish, not swollen or much raised above the eye level in profile in contrast to Veprius. The face to and including the oral margins unusually depressed somewhat as in Apatolestes, the cheeks in con¬ sequence appearing much swollen throughout their length. The palpi are slender, a little longer than the proboscis, very shaggy brown-haired almost concealing the apparently attenuated apices, unlike the truncated condition seen in most Apatolestes. The la- bellae are small and fleshy. Brief relaxing appeared to revive Silvias- like, irregular maculations on the undamaged part of the one eye. The subepaulet of the wing is bare and there is a short spur present at the fork of R| +5 . The legs are all intact, with no pale hairs and no accentuated hind tibial fringe. The outer fore tarsal claw is a little longer than the inner. The specimen is too badly damaged to warrant its establish¬ ment as a lectotype. Since the original description was based on 56 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 the male, a future female could not be used for this purpose though it will undoubtedly be the better for more accurate, ultimate de¬ termination of relationships of this species. In some respects Z. eiseni is intermediate between Apatolestes and Silvius. The writer was inclined to place the published species as a sub-genus under Silvius. Study of this specimen even though damaged enables corroboration of Townsend’s earlier opinion that it is distinct on a generic level. SUMMARY Zophina new genus is proposed for Apatolestes (?) eiseni Townsend, genotype species from Lower California. Comment is made on Townsend’s published and unpublished notes on this species. Reference Townsend, C. H. T. 1895. On the Diptera of Baja California, including some species from adjacent regions. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Ser. 2, 4:593-620. MIROLEPISMA DESERTICOLA SILVESTRI, A MYRMECOPHILE FROM CALIFORNIA (Thysanura: Lepismatidae) William J. Wall Jr. University of California, Davis Mirolepisma deserticola was described by Silvestri in 1938 from a single specimen collected in Tucson, Arizona in 1908. Since that time, no mention has been made of its biology or of its occurrence in California. Mallis (1941), however, did mention that he had observed Thysanura running in and out of the nest of the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus var. nigrescens, near Riverside, Cali¬ fornia. He evidently did not collect or attempt to identify the species of Thysanura. In 1950 W. F. Barr, now of the University of Idaho, while col¬ lecting beetles in the vicinity of Winnemucca, Nevada, found two female Mirolepisma in the nest of harvester ants. This discovery led the writer to search the desert areas of California and Nevada 1 All species of ants were identified by M. R. Smith of the United States National Museum. JANUARY, 1954] WALL-MYRMECOPHILE 57 for additional material. The locality records of M. deserticola and the ants 1 with which it was found are listed below: POGONOMYRMEX OCCIDENTALIS OCCIDENTALIS (CreSSOn) Nevada: Winnemucca, 26 April 1950 (W. F. Barr), 2 9 9. POGONOMYRMEX CALIFORNICUS ESTEBANIUS (Pergande) California: 6 mi. W. of Indio, Riverside County, 5 April 1951 (J. W. MacSwain), 2 $ $, 5 $ $ ; Palm Springs Station, Riverside County, 20 April 1951 (W. J. Wall, R. C. Bechtel, E. I. Schlinger and E. J. Taylor), $ $, 9 $ ; Sheep Hole Mts. (summit), San Bernardino County, 30 March 1952 (R. C. B. and E. I. S.), $ $, 9 $ ; Bagdad, San Bernardino County, 30 March 1952 (R. C. B. and E. I. S.) $ $, 9 9. POGONOMYRMEX CALIFORNICUS (Buckley), S. lat. California: Whitewater, Riverside County, 28 March 1952 (R. C. B. and E. I.S.), $ 8, 9 2. Myrmecocystus semirufa (Emery) California: 6 mi. W. of Indio, Riverside County, 5 April 1951 (J. W. MacSwain) ,19. Veromessor pergandei (Mayr) California: Palm Springs, Riverside County, 21 April 1951 (W. J. W. and R. C. B.), 1 $, 1 9 ; Whitewater, Riverside County, 28 March 1952 (R. C. B. and E. I. S.), $ $, 9 9 ; Bagdad, San Bernardino County, 30 March 1952 (R. C. B. and E. I. S.), $ $, 9 9 ; 29 Palms, San Bernardino County, 30 March 1952 (R. C. B. and E. I. S.), $ $, 9 9 ; Sheep Hole Mts. (summit), San Bernardino County, 30 March 1952 (R. C. B. and E. I. S.), $ $ , 9 9 ; Rand, Kern County, 31 March 1952 (R. C. B. and E. I. S.), $ $, 9 9 2 . SOLENOPSIS sp. California: Cabazon, Riverside County, 20 April 1951 (W. J. W. and R. C. B.), 1 9 3 . Magnesia Canyon, Riverside County, 21 April 1951 (W. J. W. and E. I. S.), 1 9 . Miscellaneous Records California: N.W. of Barstow, San Bernardino County, October 1928; Salton Sea Beach, Imperial County, 22 April 1951 (W. J. W. and R. C. B.), 1 $, 1 9 (ants not identified) ; 1 mi. S. of Desert Beach, Imperial County, 10 April 1952 (W. H. Lange), 1 9 [with Thermobia domestica (Packard)]. The species of ants with which Mirolepisma was found are in > general desert forms. According to Creighton (1950) and Mallis (1941) P. occidentalis, P. californicus, and P. califomicus esteban- ius are found in the desert areas of Arizona and Southern Cali¬ fornia. The range of P. occidentalis extends northward into Nevada and eastward to New Mexico, while P. californicus is also found in Texas and Mexico. M. deserticola is well adapted to life in sandy areas. Its legs are armed with stout spines and when individuals are exposed to the 2 Crickets of the genus Myrmecophila were also found in this nest of ants. 3 Several Reticulitermes hesperus Banks were also present. 58 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 light, they will dig rapidly until completely buried. The exact re¬ lationship between the ants and silverfish has not been definitely established, but it was noted that the Mirolepisma carefully avoided contact with the ants. This observation led the writer to conclude that a commesal relationship exists between the two groups. In order to ascertain the food habits of M. deserticola, a num¬ ber of silverfish were taken alive and reared in a controlled temperature cabinet in the laboratory at Davis. The temperature employed was 25 degrees C. ± 1 and the relative humidity was 75 percent ± 3. No water was given directly to the insects; the food was dry whole wheat flour. Over a period of 14 months, the culture thrived and hundreds of ova and nymphs were produced from the original group of some 40 adults. Since no detrimental results were incurred when the silverfish were separated from their hosts, it is believed that M. deserticola obtains its food from the products stored by the ants rather than any secretion or regurgitated fluid from the body of the ants. According to Creighton (1950), Mallis (1941) and Wheeler (1926), Pogonomyrmex occidentalis, P. californicus, P. californi- cus estebanius, Veromessor pergandei, and some species of Solen- opsis are seed collectors. The feeding habits of Myrmecocystus semirufa appear to be uncertain. Creighton (1950) claims that repletes are used to store honey, but that the bodies of other insects are also collected and stored. Mallis (1941) showed that in one instance in Southern California this species attended aphis, ap¬ parently for secretions of honey dew. References Creighton, W. S. 1950. The ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comparative Zoology, 104:1-585, 57 pis. Mallis, A. 1941. A list of the ants of California with notes on their habits and distribution. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 60(2) :l-44, 3 pis., 25 figs. SlLVESTRI, F. 1938. Due novi Generi Deserticoli di Lepismatidae (Insecta: Thysa- nura). Boll. Lab. Ent. Agr. Portici, 1:348-353, 3 figs. Wheeler, W. M. 1926. Ants. Columbia University Press, N. Y., pp. 11, 268, 575. JANUARY, 1954] WIRTH—INTERTIDAL FLY 59 A NEW INTERTIDAL FLY FROM CALIFORNIA, WITH NOTES ON THE GENUS NOCTICANACE MALLOCH (Diptera: Canaceidae) Willis W. Wirth 1 Since the publication of my revision of the family Canaceidae (Wirth, 1951), I have received some additional material, including a fine series representing an undescribed species of Nocticanace Malloch. A description of the new species is presented here, the status of Nocticanace is clarified, and some new American distribu¬ tion records for this genus are added. Genus Nocticanace Malloch Nocticanace Malloch, 1933, B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull., 114:4; Wirth, 1951, Occas. Papers B. P. Bishop Mus., 2G:269; Wheeler, 1952, Ent. News, 63:91. Because Malloch’s paper, as stated in a footnote, was issued as Pacific Entomological Survey Publication 7 on Febraury 27, 1933, Nocticanace should date from 1933, and not from 1935, the date when the complete volume of Bulletin 114 was assembled. Neave’s Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Zoological Record both erroneously give the date as 1935 and the citation given in my paper was not clear. Most of this information has been correctly cited by Wheeler (1952), who is of the opinion that Nocticanace is very likely the same as Canaceoides Cresson, 1934, in which case Malloch’s name has priority. As suggested by Wheeler, the characters separating Canaceoides and Nocticanace do not seem to be very strong, and the new species here described brings the two groups closer together. One cannot very well merge these two genera, however, without considering also the close ties which I have already pointed out (1951, p. 264) between Canaceoides and Canace exhibited through Canace mari- tirna Wirth. Until more species are known, I believe it most practical to retain the narrower generic concepts and in the follow¬ ing discussion I will point out a combination of characters suitable for the differentiation of Canaceoides and Nocticanace. In any event, the ensuing new combinations will have to be made, in view of the priority of Nocticanace. Nocticanace arnaudi Wirth, new species (Figure 1, a) Male, female: Body length of male about 3 mm., of female 3.5 mm.; 1 Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agricultural Research Adminis¬ tration, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 60 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 wing 3.7 mm. by 1.4 mm. Color opaque black, dorsum black tinged with brownish; antennae and palpi brownish black; face and cheeks pruinose, pearly gray when viewed from above, brownish from below; humeri, pleura, legs and abdomen dark brown, with pruinose gray lights; wings and squamae opaque brownish with dark veins; halteres whitish. F rons broader than long, flat in front over eyes, ocellar prominence \\ t ll-de\ t loped, brownish in color, with 10—15 fine hairs. Three strong fronto- orbitals, the intervening hairs long and fine; one pair of strong proclinate interfrontals; ocellars strong; inner and outer verticals strong; postverticals absent, face bare, median carina strong between antennae. Cheeks each with three strong bristles, the inner one directed mesad, the outer two upcurved, with a small hair about half as long out of line below the lateral pair by half the distance between their bases. Third antennal segment slightly broader than long; arista short pubescent. Palpus with 1-4 apical hairs. Thorax on each side with four strong dorsocentrals, one strong humeral, a strong posterior notopleural and an anterior one half as long, one strong presutural, two stiong supra-alars; humeri and anterior margin of mesonotum except between dorsocentral lines with strong, erect setae, rest of mesonotum bare. Scutellum with four strong marginals, the disc bare. Mesopleura with numerous, scattered, long hairs and setae, sternopleura each with a long line hair and a few scattered setae. Legs with numerous, stout, curved hairs, t ic. ( short except the posteroventral series on fore femora; tarsi with distal segments markedly flattened. Abdomen with scattered, long erect hairs. Eighth tergite of female with two, long, lateral hairs reaching apices of genital lamellae and four or five hne hairs about half as long between; eighth sternite also with a few long, fine hairs; dorsal lamellae of opipositor stout, upcurved, each with two stout, ! a ° \ a J*' ca ^ s Pi ,les and about three smaller, brownish, preapical ones on >r. a side. Ninth teigite of male (fig. 1, a) with the ventral processes each a ) attached at base, ventral margin with numerous fine hairs, apex prolonged in a slender, straight, fingerlike, external lobe bearing only micro¬ scopic setulae; a shorter, broader, inner lobe present on the dorsal margin of the ventral processes^Jiid/I c numerous, stout, vent Holotype cf, aC fornia, February JANUARY, 1954] WIRTH-INTERTIDAL FLY 61 bristle; the disc of the scutellum bare rather than with a pair of small bristles; the eighth tergite of the female with two long hairs in the marginal row reaching the apices of the ovipositor lamellae rather than with a row of small subequal hairs and in the structure of the male genitalia (compare figure 1, a, with figure 5, c, of nudata in Wirth, 1951). These are actually the only characters which can be relied on to separate the genera Nocticanace and Canaceoides. I believe that for generic separation, emphasis should he placed on these characters, rather than on the condition of the anterior notopleural, which is absent in most species of Noctican- ace, weak in Canaceoides and in N. arnaudi and strong in N. chilensis (Cresson). a. arnaudi b. texensis 1 igure 1. Male genitalia of Nocticanace, lateral views of ninth tergite. a, N. arnaudi, n. sp.; b., N. texensis (Wheeler). Nocticanace chilensis (Cresson), new combination Canace chilensis Cresson, 1931, Dipt. Patagonia and S. Chile, 6:116. Canaceoides chilensis, Cresson, 1934, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 60:221; Wirth, 1951, Occas. Papers B. P. Bishop Mus., 20:269. New record: Panama, Canal Zone, February 10, 1939, C. H. Richardson, 1 cT. This is the first record of N. chilensis from outside of Chile. This species belongs in Nocticanace rather than Canaceoides be¬ cause of the absence of hairs on the disc of the scutellum, the pre¬ sence of two elongate hairs on the eigth tergite of the female and the presence of small secondary hairs between and below the l° n g genal bristles. Since there are from three to six strong genals 62 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 in chilensis, I believe that the presence of the smaller, secondary hairs is a better generic character than the actual number of strong genals. The presence of two equally strong notopleurals in chilensis limits the use of this character in generic differentiation. Nocticanace texensis (Wheeler), new combination (Figure 1, b) Canaceoides texensis Wheeler, 1952, Ent. News 63:92 ($9, Galveston, Texas.) New records: Boynton Beach, Palm Beach County, Florida, August 10, 1951, W. W. Wirth, 8 c? cf, 8 Mona Island, Puerto Rico, August 6, 1939, L. F. Martorell, 1 $ (all in U.S.N.M.). The Florida specimens were collected from a shelf of limestone rock about a hundred yards long on the Atlantic Ocean beach. This rock projected from the water only at low tide and was covered with a scanty growth of filamentous green algae. Through the kindness of Dr. Wheeler I have compared these specimens with a female paratype of texensis with which they agree well. The small, out-of-line, fourth genal, the absence of hairs on the disc of the scutellum, the absence of the anterior notopleural and the presence of the pair of long hairs on the eighth tergite of the female will place this species in Nocticanace rather than Canaceo¬ ides. In fact this species is practically indistinguishable from N. peculiaris Malloch, the genotype of Nocticanace, differing mainly in that the body is not quite so dark, the palpi are yellowish rather than brown and the two anterior genal bristles are more closely approximated and lack the fine seta below and between which is found in peculiaris. The male genitalia of texensis, which have not been described, have the ninth tergite (figure 1, b) with the ventral processes semidetached, each greatly expanded distally into two setose lobes, the outer or dorsolateral lobe thumblike, bearing dense, long setae except on the lateral surface; the ventromesal lobe in the form of a flattened, rounded lamella bearing dense, very long setae on the inner surface. Literature Cited Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The dipterous family Canaceidae in the United States. Entomo¬ logical News, 73:89-94. Wirth, W. W. 1951. A revision of the dipterous family Canaceidae. Occasional Papers B. P. Bishop Museum, 20:245-275. JANUARY, 1954] MICHENER-BEE PUPAE 63 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PUPAE OF BEES (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) Charles D. Michener 1 In the course of a recent study of bee larvae, pupae of a number of species have come to hand. The present investigation was under¬ taken in order to glean whatever information could be obtained on the pupal characters and the relationships of groups. The pupae, as is well known, exhibit essentially the shape and form of adults, and the general features of pupae have been described and illustrated by many authors (e.g. Packard, 1897). From our standpoint the important pupal features are those not repeated in the adult, since the adult characteristics are well known. Unfortunately most authors have not systematically recorded these structures which are peculiar to pupae. As a result, most published accounts of pupae are of little value from the present standpoint. Those pupal characters which are peculiar to pupae consist principally of spines and projections arising from various parts of the body. Their functions are unknown, although in some cases it is possible to see hairs of the adult projecting into them in older pupae. This is by no means always the case, spines being present (although small) in such relatively hairless bees as Neopasites. Nonetheless, the original function of these projections may have been to provide space for the development of the long hairs char¬ acteristic of bees and associated with their pollen collecting habits. On broad flat areas of the body these hairs can develop in a recumbent position, but at the ends of segments where the spines are of most frequent occurence long hairs cannot well develop in this position. Thus the long spines of the coxae and trochanters serve to house the long hairs arising on these segments in some bees (fig. 1). This explanation cannot well account for the scutal tubercles of Xylocopa or Melecta, for example, but does seem to be a possible explanation of most of the pupal projections. It is interesting that certain adult spines and projections which have arisen repeatedly among the various bee groups correspond to the pupal projections. For example, anterior coxal spines, 1 Contribution number 807 from the Department of Entomology, University of Kansas. Specimens were made available through Dr. J. W. MacSwain of the University of California and Dr. Bernard Burks of the Division of Insect Identification, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. 64 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 found in adults of at least certain species of such unrelated genera as Colletes, Nomada, Megachile , and Xylocopa. but generally ab¬ sent in adult bees, are formed inside of pupal spines which are found in virtually all bees but ordinarily contain only hair. Thus it would seem that the pupal spines provide a potentiality for the development of adult spines. Table I summarizes the characteristics peculiar to pupae of bees. The characters require explanation as follows: 1. “Scape”—When the antennal scape bears a small median tubercle, it is marked +. 2. “Vertex”—The symbol indicates that a pair of tubercles are present on the vertex more or less in the position of the lateral ocelli. 3. “Frons”—The symbol -f- indicates the presence of a pair of low tubercles, one in front of the summit of each eye. 4. “Lateral angles of pronotum”—The symbol -f- indicates that these angles are produced to spines. 5. “Posterior lobes of pronotum”—The symbol -f- indicates that these lobes are produced. 6. “Mesoscutum”—The symbol + indicates that paired tubercles are present. 7. “Scutellum”—The symbol -f- + indicates a pair of large erect pro¬ tuberances while indicates a pair of smaller, anteriorly directed ones. (See Melecta, excluded from table since specimens are not available.) 8. “Metanotum”—The symbol -f- indicates a median protuberance. 9. “Tegulae”—The symbol -f- indicates a protuberance, -f- + a spine, ± a protuberance present or absent. 10. “Wings”—The symbol + indicates a small median tubercle on each forewing and usually a small basal tubercle as well. 11-13. “Coxae”—The symbol + indicates an inner apical coxal spine; —|—(— is used if the spine is unusually long. 14—16. “Trochanters”—The symbol + indicates a posterior apical spine; -f- + is used if the spine is unusually long. 17-18. “Femora”—The symbol -(- indicates a posterior or inferior basal protuberance on the femur while + + indicates a spine in this position. 19. “Hind tibiae (base)”—The symbol -f- indicates a protuberance near the base of each hind tibia, at about the position of the apex of the basitibial plate, while -f- -f- indicates a spine in this position. 20. “Hind tibiae (apex)”—The symbol -{- indicates an outer apical spine at the apex of the hind tibia. 21. “First tergum spiculate”—The numerals indicate the anteriormost metasomal tergum to bear a transverse subapical row of spicules. Commonly spicules are found from the tergum indicated in this row back to the fifth (females) or sixth (males) tergum, but this is not universal. JANUARY, 1954] MICHENER-BEE PUPAE 65 22. “Size of tergal spicules”—The symbol -|- indicates minute spicules, giving rise to setae which are more conspicuous than the spicules; + -T indicates larger spicules, while + + + indicates very large spicules. 23. “Long setae”—The symbol + indicates long setas on vertex, mesos- cutum, and metasomal terga. Colletes Policana Nomadopsis Augochlora Lasioglossum Halictus Nomia Megachile Xylocopa Neopasites Emphor Diadasia Anthophora Bombus Trigona Apis 1. Scape + 2. Vertex + + + + + ± 3. Frons + ± 4. Lateral angles of pronotum + 5. Posterior lobes of pronotum + + + + 6. Mesoscutum 2 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 7. Scutellum + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 8. Metanotum + + + + + + 9. Tegulae + + + + 10. Wings + + + + 11. Fore coxae + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 12. Mid coxae + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 13. Hind coxae + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 14. Fore trochanters + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 15. Mid trochanters + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 16. Hind trochanters + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I 17. Fore femora + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 18. Mid femora + + + + + 19. Hind tibiae (base) + + + + + + + 20. Hind tibiae (apex) + 21. First tergum spiculate 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22. Size of tergal spicules + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 23. Long setae + It is evident from a study of Table I that, so far as the few bee pupae available are concerned, considerable support for exist¬ ing classifications (see Michener, 1944) is provided. Thus the 66 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 family Colletidae is distinguishable by the absence of tergal spicules, a character shared only with Apis. The family Halictidae is recognizable by the numerous and very strong protuberances, the tubercles on the wings and the spine or tubercle at the base of the hind tibiae being found only in this family. Nomia falls clearly with the Halictidae on the basis of pupal characters, although some authors have put it with the Andrenidae. Megachile differs from all other known bee pupae in the presence of long setae. It is interesting that megachilid larvae are the principal bee larvae hav¬ ing setose bodies. The larger anthophorine bees (Emphor, Diad- asia, Anthophora, Melecta) are distinguished from the Apinae by the presence of mesoscutal tubercles, and in this respect they resemble Xylocopa. Fig. 1. Fore leg of Anthophora linsleyi Timberlake, pupa, showing by broken lines the developing adult leg within and by dotted lines some of the hairs inside the pupal spines. The following descriptive comments are limited to those fea¬ tures of the pupa not shared by adults. For example, inner apical spines of the tibiae are not mentioned since the tibial spurs of the adults form inside of them and their position and number is re- JANUARY, 1954] MICHENER-BEE PUPAE 67 fleeted by the adult structures. Spines and other projections are absent unless stated to be present. CoLLETES FULGIDUS Swenk Lateral angles of pronotum and posterior lobes of pronotum produced; mesoscutellum with a pair of large protuberances; metanotum with large median protuberance; coxae, trochanters, and bases of anterior femora with long spines. Montara, California, September, 1940 (J. W. MacSwain). P olicana herbsti Friese As described for Colletes but vertex with distinct pair of tu¬ bercles (in positions of lateral ocelli) ; lateral angles of pronotum not produced; tegulae produced; posterior margins of metasomal terga swollen. Correo Nunoa, Chile (Claude—Joseph). Nomadopsis euphorbiae (Cockerell) Mesoscutum with pair of very small tubercles, one on either side of midline, in front of middle; coxae and trochanters with spines; bases of fore femora each with inferior projection; meta¬ somal terga, beginning with the second, with subapical rows of spicules, the rows interrupted medially. Riverside County, California, August 17, 1946 (J. W. MacSwain). Augochlora pura (Say) Vertex with pair of protuberances (in positions of lateral ocelli) and pair of lower ones just in front of upper ends of eyes; antennal scapes each with small protuberance; scutellum with pair of high protuberances; metanotum with median broad protuber¬ ance ; middle of each forewing with protuberance; smaller one at base of each wing; coxae and trochanters each with small spine; bases of fore femora each with protuberance; base of hind tibia with short spine; metasomal terga with large subapical spicules, only a few on first tergum and these unusually large. Short Mountain, Shenandoah, Virginia, June 6, 1941, in rotten log (A. B. Gurney). Lasioglossum (Chloralictus) sparsum (Robertson) As Augochlora pura but pair of protuberances in front of upper ends of eyes and on antennal scapes absent; tegulae somewhat protuberant. Lawrence, Kansas, June 24, 1951 (C. D. Michener). Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) kincaidii (Cockerell) As Augochlora pura but small protuberances on antennal scapes absent; spicules of first metasomal tergum like those of second. Montara, California, June 12, 1940 (J. W. MacSwain). 68 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 Halictus tripartitus Cockerell As in Augochlora pur a but pair of protuberances in front of upper ends of eyes and on antennal scapes absent; tegulae some¬ what protuberant; basal spine of each rear tibia a mere protuber¬ ance but apex of rear tibia with long spine on outer side (in ad¬ dition to usual tibial spurs on inner side) ; spicules of first tergum similar to those of second. Chino, Arizona, July 4, 1950 (J. G. Rozen, R. H. Beamer). Nomia melandri Cockerell Vertex with pair of small tubercles (in positions of lateral ocelli) ; scutellum with pair of high tubercles; metanotum with median projection; tegulae each with sharp spine; forewing with weak median and basal projection; coxae and trochanters with spines, those of former rather short, especially on rear coxae; fore and middle femora with protuberances at bases; base of hind tibia with spine; metasomal tergum three and following with subapical spicules. Delta, Utah, June 27, 1950 (G. E. Bohart, C. D. Michener). Megachile (Chelostomoides) sp.? Coxae and trochanters with spines; metasomal sterna produced apically (female) ; vertex and median region of mesoscutum with long setae; metasomal terga two and following with subapical rows of long setae. Blythe, California, April 2, 1941, in old Colletes burrow (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain). Megachile (Litomegachile) brevis Say As in the species of Chelostomoides but vertex with three small tubercles representing positions of ocelli. Lawrence, Kansas (C. D. Michener). Xylocopa virginica (Linnaeus) Mesoscutum with a pair of tubercles in front of middle, one on each side of midline; coxae and trochanters with long spines; metasomal terga two and following with small subapical tubercles; last tergum produced to a hard spine. Veitch, Virginia, July 7, 1914 (T. E. Snyder). Neopasites sp.? Coxae and trochanters with small spines; metasomal terga two and following with subapical rows of spicules. The specimen is in poor condition and there may be more pupal structures thin indicated. JANUARY, 1954] MICHENER-BEE PUPAE 69 Lawrence, Kansas, April 5, 1951, from nest of Calliopsis andreniformis Smith (C. D. Michener). Emphor bombiformis (Cresson) Mesoscutum with two pairs of tubercles, the anterior pair in front of middle, the posterior pair behind middle, the latter closer together than the former; scutellum swollen; coxae and trochanters with spines, anterior femora each with basal projection; metasomal terga two and following with subapical spicules. Hattiesburg;, Mississippi, August 20, 1944 (C. D. Michener). Diadasia enevata (Cresson) Posterior lobes of pronotum produced; mesoscutum with a pair of tubercules behind middle; scutellum with two tubercles, large and directed forward; coxae and trochanters with spines, those of rear trochanters short; anterior femora each with spine at base; metasomal terga two and following with subapical rows of spicules. Delta, Utah, June 27, 1950 (G. E. Bohart, C. D. Michener). Anthophora linsleyi Timberlake Posterior lobes of pronotum produced to spines; mesoscutum with a pair of tubercules behind middle; scutellum with a pair of anteriorly directed tubercles; coxae and trochanters each with a spine; bases of fore and middle femora each with a long spine; metasomal terga two and following with subapical rows of spicules. Twenty miles east of Bakersfield, California, March 29, 1941 (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain). Anthophora (Clisodon) furcata syringae (Cockerell) As above, but no long spine at base of middle femur. Mineral King, Tulare County, California, August 10, 1939 (G. E. Bohart). Melecta spp. Semichon (1922) has described the pupa of Melecta armata Panzer. It is said to be similar to that of its host, Anthophora personata Erickson, except that the pair of mesoscutal tubercles are erect, each forming a multidentate crest, and the scutellar tubercles are much larger and directed posteriorly to form spines. The mesoscutal tubercles are shown to be similarly modified in Melecta miranda Fox by Porter (1951). Bombus americanorum (Fabricius) Coxae and trochanters with apical spines; metasomal terga two and following each with subapical row of short setae. Lawrence, Kansas, August, 1950 (C. D. Michener). Bombus vosnesenskii Radoszkowski Agrees with B. americanorum . 70 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 Hat Creek, Lassen County, California, June 4, 1941 (E. G. Linsley, C. D. Michener). Trigona cupira Smith Coxae and trochanters with spines, those of fore and hind coxae very short; fore and middle femora each with projection at base; metasomal terga two and following with subapical rows of setae. Juan Mina, Canal Zone, May 4, 1945 (C. D. Michener). Apis mellifera Linnaeus Coxae and trochanters with spines, those of front coxae short, of front trochanters unusually long; fore femora each with a spine at base, middle femora with a blunt projection, hind femora with a broad rounded projection. Lawrence, Kansas, June 1, 1952 (M. H. Michener). Bibliography Michener, Charles D. 1944. Comparative external morphology, phylogeny, and a classification of the bees (Hymenoptera). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 82, pp. 151-326. Packard, A. S. 1897. Notes on the transformations of higher hymenoptera. II and III, Jour. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 5, pp. 77-87, 109-120. Porter, John C. 1951. Notes on the digger-bee, Anthophora occidentalis, and its in- quilines. Iowa State College Jour. S'ci., vol. 26, pp. 23-30. Semichon, Louis 1922. Sur la nymphe de Melecta armata Panzer (Hym. Apidae). Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 192-194. A NEW SPECIES OF DOBSONFLY FROM CALIFORNIA (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) Donald E. Maddux Chico State College, Chico, California During a recent investigation, a number of immature forms of some dobsonflies of the genus Protochauliodes were reared, and a new species was noted. It is most closely related to Protochauliodes minimus (Davis) but differs noticeably in the structure of the terminalia. Protochauliodes aridus Maddux, n.sp. Male: General body color closely resembling that of Protochauliodes minimus. Head triangular, widest across eyes, tapering caudad to its nar- JANUARY, 1954] MADDUX-DOBSON FLY 71 rowest width at point of attachment to thorax; tuft of long hairs on lateral border of head, just posterior to each eye. Antennae dark brown, simple, filiform, approximately the same length as the body; antennal segments twice as long as broad and bearing short bristles closely appressed to the margin of the segments to which they are attached. Mouthparts rufous, apex of distal point of incisor of mandible usually not extending below proximal end of mandible. Prothorax longer than wide, the sides nearly parallel, meso- thorax and metathorax broader than long. Wings hyaline and cinerous, with a conspicuous, transverse, fuscous blotch surrounding the medio-cubital cross-vein; other such blotches are scattered over the wing surfaces, especially in the costal and subcostal cells of the fore wings. Blotches fewer on the hind wing and confined almost entirely to an area along the costal margin. Hind wing with a small, round, fuscous mark, just proximad to each of the two inner radio-medial cross-veins. Fore wing slightly longer than the hind wing, but both essentially alike in venation, the venation agreeing with that of other members of the genus and being very much the same as that of Protochauliodes minimus. Aedeagus wide at base, narrowing to half the width at the apex; apex notched. Base of gonopod with dorso-medial side enlarged into a conspicuous tuberosity. Apex of gonopod half the height of the base. Body length 16 mm.; alar expanse 57 mm. Female: Much larger than male. Body length 21 mm.; alar expanse 82 mm. Antennae approximately the length of the body; antennal segments rectangular, lightly pilose. Holotype, male, reared by the author from a larva taken in a dry stream bed near the Neal Road, seven miles southeast of Chico, Butte County, California, May 15, 1951. The allotype was reared from a larva taken at the same locality, May 10, 1951. Two paratypes were reared from larvae collected at the same locality, one on May 8, 1951, the other on May 9, 1951; both are males. Holotype and allotype are in the museum of the California Aca¬ demy of Sciences, San Francisco. Paratypes are in the collection at Chico State College. The larval and pupal forms from which the above specimens were reared were taken in streams which have water for only a few days in the winter. They were found under rocks in cells fashioned to prevent the drying of the specimen. Eggs were collected in the field and were also obtained from specimens reared in the laboratory. The egg masses are rectangular in outline; the eggs are arranged in a series of parallel rows, about 3,000 in a large bunch. The micropylar ends all face in the same direction. The eggs are deposited in June, hatch in about a week, and the very small larvae burrow into the dry soil near the larger rocks. Pupation occurs in March, April, and May. The adults hatch in May and June. 72 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 A REDESCRIBED SPECIES AND A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY LEPISMATIDAE IN CALIFORNIA (Thysanura) William J. Wall Jr. University of California, Davis Very little information is available on the species of this family in California. In 1896 a new species (Lepisma rubro-violacea) from Mexico, Arizona and California, was described by Schott. He failed to realize the importance of certain structures and did not include these in his description. However, his figures were excellent and accurately identified this species. The specimens examined by Schott were evidently lost in the San Francisco earthquake and fire of 1906, and no mention of this form has appeared in the literature since 1905. In 1950, W. F. Barr of the University of California, collected one specimen from the desert near Borego Valley. Since this time, numerous specimens have been found in the Colorado Desert beneath stones, boards and cardboard cartons. Ctenolepisma rubro-violacea (Schott) Lepisma rubro-violacea (Schott, 1896. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2)6:190—192, pi. 18, figs. 45-51. Ctenolepisma rubro-violacea Escherich, 1905. Zoologica, orig.-ab. 18 (heft 43) 95-96, fig. 39. Redescription. Female. Length: body 10.2 mm.; antenna 10.4 mm.; cercus 10mm.; median caudal filament 11.20 mm.; ovipositor as seen from below, projecting 2 mm. from segment IX. Width: at eyes 1.6 mm.; mesothorax 2.8 mm.; Xth abdominal segment 1.6 mm.; ovipositor .2 mm. Body elongate, tapering gradually posteriorly. Head color reddish particularly the frontal and lateral areas; thorax white with exception of prothoracic acrotergite which has strong reddish pigmentation reaching almost to center.; abdomen reddish with inverted “v shaped” white areas; pigmentation becoming darker towards posterior. Scales of dorsum reddish brown with white scales surrounding each setal tuft on thorax and abdomen; ventral scales white; setae of entire body golden; legs white, pigmented with red; setal tufts on head prominent. Labial palpus four segmented, pigmented with red; distal segment hatchet shaped with five sensory papillae arranged in a single row along anterior margin; maxillary palpus five segmented, pigmented with red. Prothoracic sternite with five pair of setal tufts; mesothoracic sternites with two pair of setal tufts; metathoracic sternite with one pair of setal tufts. Tergite X widely triangular and weakly rounded at tip, wider than long. Outer dorsal setal combs (lateral) on abdominal tergites I-VIII; abdominal tergites II-VII with 3-(-3 setal combs (i.e. one lateral, one subdorsal and one JANUARY, 1954] WALL-THYSANURA 73 dorsal) ; tergite I with 1 + 1 (2 inner pair lacking) ; tergite VIII with 2 + 2 (central pair lacking) ; IX with none; X with 1 + 1. Only one pair of setal combs on ventral sternites III through VII. Three pairs of reddish pigmented styli present on gonocoxites VII, VIII and IX, posterior pair longest. Cerci and median caudal filament reddish alternating with white, annulated; antennae same. Male: similar to female except for differences in genitalia; gonocoxites of segment IX long and narrow in female, short and stout in male. Discussion. C. rubro-violacea and C. lineata (Fabricius) are very similar in appearance when the scales are removed. However, the clypeus of C. lineata is strongly pigmented on the lateral aspect where the setal tufts are located and in the center; in C. rubro- violacea the pigmentation is faint or lacking. Also the lateral aspect of the area around the setal tufts of the labrum may be faintly pig¬ mented in C. lineata and not in C. rubro-violacea. Further, the prothoracic acrotergite is pigmented only on the lateral aspects in C. lineata, while on C. rubro-violacea, the pigmentation extends throughout except for a thin median band. The number of setal tufts on each side of the prosternal plate in C. rubro-violacea may vary from 4 to 5. The remaining char¬ acteristics appear to be constant. The description of the neotype female given above was made from a single specimen now preserved in alcohol. However, the concept of this species is based on 8 females and 11 males which were studied alive by the writer and later in alcohol. Some of the original members of this series were dissected and used for study of the internal anatomy and in part have been mounted on slides in the possession of the writer. The remaining complete specimens, consisting of the neotype $ and 5 neoparatypes (2+ cf and 3 $$) have been deposited at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. Distribution. Schott gave the following localities: Sierra La¬ guna, San Jose del Cabo, Baja California; Guaymas and San Miguel de Horcasitas, Sonora Mexico; Tucson, Arizona (coll. B. Eisen). In addition, he stated that this species is “richly represented in California collections and seems to be very common.” Neotype locality. California: Cabazon, Riverside Co. Material examined. Borego Junction, San Diego Co., 9 April 1950 (W. F. Barr) ; Cabazon, Riverside Co., 20 April 1951 (W. J. Wall, R. C. Bechtel, E. I. Schlinger and E. J. Taylor) ; Salton Sea Beach, Imperial Co., 21 April 1951 (W. J. W. and R. C. B.) ; 2 mi. 74 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 E. of “The Narrows”, San Diego Co., 23 April 1951 (R. C. B.); Whitewater, Riverside Co., 28 March 1952 (R. C. B. and E. I. S.). While collecting in the Colorado Desert near Cathedral City, the writer and E. I. Schlinger of the University of California dis¬ covered a new thysanuran beneath a large stone. Several other specimens were later taken at other localities and in two instances with C. rubro-violacea. The favored habitat of this new species appears to be beneath stones, boards and other places of con¬ cealment in desert areas. Leucolepisma new genus (Figures 1—9) Description. Body elongate, slender, thorax wider than abdomen tapering weakly posteriorly. Head with numerous setal tufts, those arranged postero- mesad and anterio-mesad to the antennae, are large and very obvious; thoracic nota broad, each bearing a pair of setal combs on the postero-dorsal margin; lateral margins with setal tufts and individual setae; legs long, tarsal claws very long, claws of prothoracic leg at least one and one third times the second tarsal segment; three pair of dorsal abdominal setal combs on tergites II-VII; lateral setal combs on several sternites and one pair of median setal combs on several segments; ovipositor short, stout and tip armed with short, stout blunt spines. Type of the genus: Leucolepisma arenaria Wall, new species. This genus is similar in general to Thermobia but differs in having three rows of dorsal setal combs on the lateral aspect of the abdominal tergites, instead of two; by the length of the tarsal claws, and by the short ovipositor terminating in short blunt spines. Leucolepisma arenaria new species (Figures 1—9) Female. Length: body 8.16 mm.; antenna 11.60 mm.; cercus 8.16 mm.; median caudal filament 9.60 mm.; ovipositor as seen from below not extend¬ ing beyond gonocoxites of segment IX. Width: at eyes 1.44 mm.; mesothorax 2.25 mm.; Xth abdominal segment 1.22 mm. Head and body color white; dorsal surface with brown and yellowish white scales forming a distinct pattern; scales of head brown; those of the thorax with alternating irregular cross bands of brown and yellowish white; those of abdomen with alternating patches of brown and yellowish white on each segment; when freshly molted, much darker; ventral surface with white scales; setal tufts of head golden. Legs white with light reddish setae and faint reddish pigmentation on tibia and 1st tarsal segment; cercus and median caudal filament reddish with light segments at intervals; antenna same. Setal tufs of head prominent. Labial palpus four segmented, distal seg¬ ment hatchet shaped, shorter than the penultimate one and bearing five large JANUARY, 1954] WALL-THYSANURA 75 Leucolepisma arenaria, n.g., n.sp. Fig. 1 Abdominal tergite X. Fig. 2. Pro- thoracic sternite. Fig. 3. Mesothoracic sternite. Fig. 4. Metathoracic sternite. Fig. 5. Terminus of outer ovipositor valve showing digging spines. Fig. 6. Labium. Fig. 7. Left mandible. Fig. 8. Right maxilla. Fig. 9. Right prothoracic leg (note length of tarsal claws). 76 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 sensory papillae arranged in a single row along anterior margin; number of setae on inner edge of the lacinia varying from four to six; maxillary palpus six segmented. Prothoracic sternal plate with three pair of setal tufts; mesothoracic sternal plate with one pair setal tufts; metathoracic sternal plate with one pair of setal tufts. Tergite X, with tip narrowed, rounded, wider than long. Outer dorsal setal combs on abdominal tergites I-VIII; abdominal tergites II-VII with 3-(-3 setal combs (i.e. three on lateral aspect of each tergite) ; tergite I with 1 —(— 1 [2 dorsal (inner) pair lacking] ; tergite VIII with 2 + 2 (subdorsal pair lacking) ; IX with none; X with 1 + 1. One pair of sublateral ventral setal combs on sternites IV-VIII and a single median row on sternites III-VII. Styli present on gonocoxites of segments VIII and IX; those on IX longer; ovipositor short and stout not extending beyond gonocoxites of sternite IX. Male: like the female, except for differences in genitalia and while the gonocoxites of female are long and narrow, those of male are short and broad. Holotype: Salton Sea Beach, Imperial Co., California, 22 April, 1951 (W. J. Wall and R. C. Bechtel). Material examined. California: Magnesia Canyon, Riverside Co., 21 April 1951 (W. J. Wall and E. I. Schlinger) ; Borego Junction, San Diego Co., 22 April 1951 (W. J. W.) ; Borego Valley, San Diego Co., 22 April 1951 (W. J. W. and E. J. Taylor) ; 10 mi. W. of Truckhaven, San Diego Co., 11 April 1952 (W. H. Lange). Discussion. The only variations of the characters described above are as follows: the number of setal tufts on the lateral mar¬ gins of the prothoracic sternite may vary from two to four, and faint pink pigmentation may be present or absent on the thoracic nota. The description of the holotype was made from a single speci¬ men now preserved in alcohol. However, the writer’s concept of this genus and species is based on 5 $ $ and 9 <+ c? which were studied alive and later in alcohol. Some of the original members of the type series were dissected and used for study of the internal anatomy and in part are mounted on slides in the possession of the writer. The remaining complete specimens consisting of the holo¬ type 9 and 4 c? c? paratypes have been deposited at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. Escherich, K. References 1905. Das System der Lepismatiden. Zoologica, orig. (Stuttgart), ab. 18 (heft 43) :95-96, fig. 39. Schott, H. 1896. North American Apterygogenea. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 6(2): 190-192, pi. 18. figs. 45-51. JANUARY, 1954] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 77 PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY J. Gordon Edwards J. W. MacSwain D. D. Jensen Vice-President President Secretary Proceedings Two Hundred and Twenty-eighth Meeting The two hundred and twenty-eighth meeting of the Pacific Coast En¬ tomological Society was held at 2:00 p. m. on Saturday, January 31, 1953, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President MacSwain conducted the meeting. The following mem¬ bers were present: G. F. Ferris. R. Matsuda, J. W. Tilden, Laura M. Henry, Paul Bartholomew, Paul Arnaud, J. P. Harville, Lorin Gillogly, J. G. Edwards, P. D. Hurd, Jr., J. D. Lattin, C. Don MacNeill, W. C. Bentinck, W. V. Garner, E. 0. Essig, A. E. Michelbacher, W. W. Middlekauff, W. D. Murray, E. S. Ross, K. F. Innes, J. W. Green, R. F. Smith, E. G. Linsley, C. E. Kaufeldt, J. W. MacSwain, D. G. Denning, H. B. Leech, W. C. Day, R. L. Usinger, and D. D. Jensen. The following visitors were present: Jacob Bergamin, Mir Mulla, S'. Abul Nasr, Mostafa Hafez, J. W. Chapman, J. Nelson, Mrs. John Nelson, Mrs. Lorin Gillogly, Alan Gillogly, James Gillogly, Barbara Hovanitz, Wm. Hovanitz, Joseph E. Ryus, Joan Linsley, and Mrs. Leslie H. Burman. The minutes of the meeting held December 6, 1952, were read and approved. Mr. John 0. Stivers was elected to membership in the Society. In response to President MacSwain’s call for notes and exhibits, Dr. Ross exhibited a California tarantula collected by Dr. F. X. Williams near Mt. Diablo. The spider had been stung by a Pepsis wasp about July, 1952, and was still alive at the time of the exhibit although paralyzed. When first received, the spider could scarcely move its appendages. At this date the paralysis had considerably reduced and the spider could almost walk again. It is very doubtful that the spider could recover sufficiently to secure food and survive. Professor Ferris displayed a pre-publication copy of Dr. Cook’s “Ants of California.” Dr. MacSwain reported that the Society’s gavel had been used at a number of historic meetings of the national entomological societies last December in Philadelphia. Dr. Linsley had requested the use of the gavel and reported that it had been used at the last meeting of the Entomological Society of America, the joint executive committee meeting of the Entomo¬ logical Society and the American Association of Economic Entomologists, and finally it was used at the first meeting of the first governing hoard of the new Entomological Society of America, following the amalgamation of the two societies. Dr. MacSwain showed photographs of cells of two species of andrenid bees which had been parasitized by anthophorid bees. These anthophorid 78 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 bees, belonging to the genera Nomadci and Holonomada, apparently lay two eggs in each cell they parasitize. Thus when several parasitic bees have visited the same cell, four or even as many as six eggs are to be found inserted into the walls of the cell. The first parasitic larva to hatch imme¬ diately searches out the other eggs and destroys them with its well developed mandibles. This larva does not feed on the eggs it destroys but after crushing them searches out the egg of the host bee and consumes it. Later the pollen and nectar mass stored by the Andrena is eaten by the parasite. It would appear that this multiple oviposition by the parasite has two principal advantages to the species. In the first place, the parasite’s egg must hatch well ahead of that of the host bee. Thus by placing two eggs in each cell, the parasitic species insures extreme selection for a minimum incubation period. The second advantage would be to insure the production of a parasite in the event of the destruction of one egg by some other agent. Dr. MacSwain introduced Dr. John Smart, Lecturer in Zoology, Univer¬ sity of Cambridge, who spoke on the subject “Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, A British Nature Reserve.” Dr. Smart’s discussion, which was supplemented by pictures, is summarized below. One of the oldest nature reserves created by private effort in the United Kingdom is that at Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire- It is a small reserve when measured against the national parks and other reserves of the North American continent, being only a little more than one square mile in area. To some extent the land has been modified by the operations of man but not nearly to the extent that has the surrounding countryside which has been drained and modified by intensive agriculture. Wicken Fen has been relatively little interfered with and it represents the condition in which the whole of “Fenland” existed in medieval times before drainage and other improvements were carried out. “Fenland” is a large area extending roughly from Lincoln to Suffolk and from Huntingdon to King’s Lynn. It is a shallow basin with very poor water drainage, and in olden days was one vast marsh with, here and there, small areas of raised land called “islands” upon which there were such human settlements as existed. One of the most typical of these “islands” is the Isle of Ely with its well-known cathedral. The whole area is apparently slowly sinking; robably the whole of the North Sea area was at one time covered with “fen”. On the higher land there were forests of oaks but as the land sank these trees were killed and marsh plants multiplied in the fresh water that accumulated and formed the vast marshes. Gradually the marshes filled up with peat and the oak trees, now called “bog oak,” were preserved under the peat. The peat is 16 to 18 feet thick. The greatest draining activity took place in the 17th century, when great areas were drained and prepared for agricul¬ ture which is now intensive over nearly the whole of Fenland. Wicken Fen, with on or two other even smaller areas, are all that is left of the medieval “Fenland.” Their importance from the conservancy point of view is that they are the sole surviving samples of what this medieval fen-flora and fen-fauna were like and their possible interest when considered as survivors of the even more extensive fens of the pre-historic period. JANUARY, 1954 ] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 79 Wickn Fen requires considerable management. It is in the last stages of the formation of dry land from peat-bog and is largely covered with sedge (Cladium). If left completely to itself it would become covered with bushes and possibly at a later stage with trees. The objective in its management is the maintenance of the conditions of the wet sedge-fen which is the flora association that follows that of reeds (Phragmites), which require a certain depth of water over the peat and that precedes that of the bushes which, with the moor grass (Molinia), requires the plant’s base, but not the root system, to be clear of the permanent water table. Wicken Fen is probably best known as one of the homes of the rare British Swallow-tail Butterfly (Papilio machaon brittanicus Seitz), and of the experimental attempts to replace the Large Copper Butterfly (Lyceanea dispar dispar Haworth), which became extinct, with the Dutch race of this butterfly (Lyceanea dispar batavus Oberth.). Collecting of the first named is carefully restricted; unfortunately the colony of the latter died out during the last war. Dr. Smart’s address resulted in a discussion which included consideration of nature reserves in the San Francisco Bay region. Dr. Ross, who raised this point, suggested that some of the Antioch sand dune area would be desirable to conserve. Following Dr. Usinger’s proposal that the Society take the initiative in the matter, President MacSwain appointed Dr. Usinger and Dr. Hurd as a committee to investigate the feasibility of the idea. At the close of the discussion the meeting was adjourned.—D. D. Jensen, Secretary. Two Hundred and Twenty-ninth Meeting The two hundred and twenty-ninth meeting of the Pacific Coast En¬ tomological Society was held at 2:00 p. m. on Saturday, March 7, 1953, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran¬ cisco. President MacSwain conducted the meeting. The following members were present: J. W. MacSwain, Owen Bryant, E. S. Ross, L. R. Gillogly, P. S. Bartholomew, Wm. Hazeltine, Victor Stombler, H. B. Leech, A. E. Pritchard, R. D. Morgan, D. D. Linsdale, Gordon Marsh, W. V. Garner, J. D. Lattin, T. F. Leigh, K. S. Hagen, J. J. Drea, W. C. Day, R. L. Usinger, K. F. Innes, Jr., C. E. Kaufeldt, C. W. Hildebrand, J. R. Heifer, J. G. Edwards, D. P. Furman, B. F. Augustson, L. A. Wood, Jr., H. H. Keifer, E. L. Kessel, E. 0. Essig, J. W. Tilden, Benjamin Keh, John 0. Stivers, and D. D. Jensen. Visitors were present as follows: Mrs. Lorin R. Gillogly, James J. Gillogly, Alan R. Gillogly, N. D. Walker, Gerald Kraft, Mir Mulla, Mrs. Carl Miescke, Carl Miescke, Don Burdick, Albert Alberts, Lois May Bastian, James W. Chapman, Lloyd A. Andres, Robert L. Langston, Kenneth M. Fender, Edmond 0. Loomis, Albert Rudnick, and S. McAgley. The minutes of the meeting held January 31, 1953 were read and approved. Donald J. Burdick was elected to membership in the Society. President MacSwain appointed Dr. Middlekauff and Dr. Tilden to fill the vacancies in the Membership Committee and Mr. Paul Arnaud to the Program Committee. 80 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXX, NO. 1 By a unanimous vote of the members present, Dr. Usinger was author¬ ized to serve as the official representative of the Society at the 14th Inter¬ national Congress of Zoology to be held at Copenhagen, Denmark, August 5-12, 1953. In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Dr. Furman displayed an adult female of Otobius megnini, the spinose ear tick, as an example of potential longevity of the species when held under laboratory conditions. This specimen was taken as a nymph on December 16, 1949, from a human host. The normal hosts are sheep and other ruminants. After being held in a pill box for over three years until March 6, 1953, the specimen was found to have moulted. The resulting adult female is active and only partially depleted of food reserve. Dr. Tilden announced that the Lepidoptera Society would hold its annual meeting in Los Angeles, July 2-5, 1953. Dr. MacSwain pointed out that the very mild winter, followed by a long period of no rain, had permitted colonies of the common yellowjacket, V espula pennsylvanica (Saussure), to survive the winter. Several strong colonies have been noted around Berkeley in February although this ground¬ nesting species is normally represented by overwintering queens. Dr. Tilden remarked that Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim adults had been active all winter in the vicinity of San Jose until within the last two or three weeks when the coldest weather had occurred. Mr. Hazeltine exhibited one male of Pleocoma lucia Linsley and three males of P. nitida Linsley. Notes on the flight habits and distribution were shown with the specimens in the hope of obtaining additional specimens with exact data. Mr. H. B. Leech showed part of the comb from a 4-comb nest of yellow- jacket wasps, Vespula sp. (probably arenaria Fab.), taken from a tree in Mill Valley, Marin Co., Calif., in early September, 1952. During September and October 60 Sphecophaga burra Cresson emerged, and pupal cells of about as many more were present; the species is a widely distributed primary parasite of Vespula. Also obtained during the same period were 5 adults of a scavengering lepidopteran, the dried fruit moth (Vitula serratilineella Ragonot, det. E. G. Munroe) and 52 of its primary parasites, a species of Braconidae. A single tiny anthocorid bug emerged; it appears to differ from any in the Academy collection. Dr. Edwards circulated a copy of the new book on Insect Physiology, edited by Rader of Tufts College. Dr. Usinger displayed some of the plates, illustrating California water bugs, which had been drawn by Arthur Smith of the British Museum. The excellence of his figures indicates that he is one of the finest illustrators of insects living in the world today. President MacSwain then introduced the main speakers of the day. Professor A. E. Pritchard, of the University of California, Berkeley, spoke first on “A Review of the Biology of Mites.” He was followed by Mr. C. Donald Grant, San Mateo County Mosquito Abatement District, who dis¬ cussed “Some Morphological Differences between Insects and Mites.” JANUARY, 1954] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 81 An abstract of Mr. Grant’s paper follows: The divergencies between insects and mites began as far back as the early Cambrian Period when the Chclicerata arose from the Trilobite-like ancestors of the Insecta. The subsequent evolution of these lines has per¬ mitted only the most rudimentary homologies to persist, while the gross modifications of form have rendered even these somewhat obscure. Convergent evolution has yielded many similarities of form between existing representa- tivs of these groups, but brings their homologous relationships no closer. The relatively few specialists working with the Acarina and the paucity of representative material collected, afford only a meager understanding of the comparative morphology of mites in comparison with the level attained in the insects. The work with mites is further complicated by their probable polyphyletic origin, i.e., affinities to the Opilionids and Solpugids. An initial step in comparing the morphology of mites and insects lies in determining their corresponding segmental relationships, especially with regard to head and mouthparts. Snodgrass, in 1948, published a comprehen¬ sive paper on arachnid mouthparts, indicating their common relationships and attempting to overcome the confusion resulting from multiple termin¬ ology. If one disregards Snodgrass’ assignments as to segmental constitution, it is found that the basic constituents of the arachnid mouthparts and legs conform admirably with the first nine segments of the insect body as recently brought forth in papers by Ferris and Henry (1948), Substantiating evidence as to the arrangement of homologous segments in the mites will demand further studies of the nervous system and musculature therein. Diagrammatic orientation and terminology of the mouthparts of a typical mesostimgatic mite were shown in projected illustrations, as were also variations in the morphology of the body, respiratory orifices, and appendages of certain mites. Following a discussion, the meeting was adjourned.—D. D. Jensen, Secretary. Two Hundred and Thirtieth Meeting The two hundred and thirtieth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomologi¬ cal Society was held at 7:30 p. m. on April 11, 1953, in the Morrison Audi¬ torium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President MacSwain conducted the meeting. The following members were present: J. G. Edwards, Alice Gray, E. G. Linsley, P. A. Adams, G. F. Ferris, J. W. Tilden, Victor Stombler, Laura M. Henry, A. E. Pritchard, P. H. Arnaud, G. F. Augustson, E. L. Kessel, W. C. Day, Harry Chandler, L. R. Gillogly, W. W. Sampson, H. B. Leech, J. D. Lattin, E. E. Gilbert, Wm. V. Garner, Owen Bryant, Thomas Lauret, W. B. Murray, D. G. Denning. R. F. Smith, P. D. Hurd, Jr., Roy Snelling, K. F. Innes, Jr., E. S. Ross, J. W. Green, Benjamin Keh, R. C. Miller, J. W. MacSwain, and D. D. Jensen. Visitors were present as follows: Mary H. Swezey, Otto H. Swezey, Mrs. G. F. August- son, Alan R. Gillogly, Mrs. L. R. Gillogly, Jim Gillogly, Mrs. O. Bryant, Robert Langston, Dwight W. Pierce, and James W. Chapman. The minutes of the meeting held March 7, 1953, were read and approved. Dr. R. F. Smith, chairman of the program committee, announced that the annual field meeting would be held May 3, 1953, at Russelman Park, Contra Costa County. 82 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 In response to the president’s call for notes and exhibits, Dr. Hurd reported on the collecting results of the Hurd-Smith study of the genera Diabrotica and Pepsis in Mexico, sponsored by the Associates in Tropical Biogeography, University of California. He stated that the collecting expedi¬ tion of the 1953 dry season in Mexico centered its field activities largely in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca. He exhibited material of these genera which helps to demonstrate that a number of species formerly known to occur in northern South America range northward well into southern Mexico. In addition, he displayed the cells of the Anthophorid bee, Melitoma, and the results of preliminary rearing which included a number of parasites and inquilines and an apparently new species of Mantispid. This bee was found nesting in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Dr. Pritchard reported that a new family of prostigmatic mites had been discovered on cockroaches in the eastern United States. This is a remarkable finding in that, in many respects, the new family is a connecting link between several families of predacious mites and several families of plant feeding mites. Dr. R. F. Smith called attention to the fact that the summer meetings of the Pacific Slope Branch of the Entomological Society of America would be held at Lake Tahoe in June. Dr. Linsley displayed specimens of Glaresis ecostata Fall (Scarabaeidae) which has been a very rare species. The present collection is of unsual interest because the beetles wer taken in large numbers coming to light many of them covered with mud. They were collected at a camp on the Mojave River at Cronese, San Bernardino County, California, April 3, 1953, by Dr. Linsley, Dr. MacSwain and Dr. R. F. Smith. Dr. MacSwain extended a special welcome to Dr. and Mrs. Otto H. Swezey who, since 1904, have been engaged in enomological work in the Pacific Ocean area and in particular in the Hawaiian Islands where Dr. Swezey was entomologist for the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association Experiment Station. Dr. MacSwain then introduced Dr. W. Dwight Pierce, Curator of En¬ tomology (Retired), Los Angeles County Museum, who spoke on the subject “How Insects Become Fossils.” Dr. Pierce’s address, which was illustrated with colored slides, is summarized below. The palaeoentomologist must think ecologically to properly understand the insect deposits he studies. The forces which have contributed most to our records are: the waves, winds, and sands of the sea shore; the sands and dusts of arid countries; land slides; glaciers and river floods, swamps, and marshes; volcanic lava and dust, and hot mineral waters; asphalt seeps and bogs; and the resins dripping from trees. On the seashore many insect fragments are washed in and may find lodgement in piles of kelp and later be buried in the sands. Most shales are laid down by sedimentation in water, and many of the fine insect fossils are in shales. Mud deposits often contain insects, and soft muds and silts often take the imprints of arthropods. Sometimes these prints are permanently set and become fossil records. While volcanic lava is too hot to preserve insects, it may conserve those JANUARY, 1954 ] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 83 underlying it. Volcanic ash deposits preserve the species they bury. Much of the fossil wood of America was the result of volcanic explosions, and dust covering. The workings of insects in wood are presrved in the fossils, although crystallization may change the appearance. Volcanic hot waters in mineral wells kill many insects, and if highly mineralized will crystallize upon the insects. At Hot Mineral Spring, north of the Salton Sea, many insects are being preserved. This is the first step toward formation of onyx marble. At Bonner Quarry, Kaibab National Forest, Arizona, onyx marble formed in the crevices in faulted Permian rock has been found to contain very primitive earth dwelling insects. Petroleum deposits at Carpinteria, Sulphur Mountain, McKittrick, and I os Angeles are preserving multitudes of insects. Those at McKittrick are stratified at the rate of 25 years to the inch, and the deposits go back to Middle Pleistocene. Many water insects are found in all of these petroleum deposits because, from above, the tar probably looks like water. The glaciers of the Pleistocene period laid down layers of peat and lignite in which many fine insects have been preserved, especially at North Vancouver, British Columbia, and in Pennsylvania. The coal deposits of the world are millions of years older and contain many fine specimens of ancient insects. The resins of trees of long ago and the resins of today are responsible for the preservation in perfect shape of many insects. Following a discussion of Dr. Pierce’s paper, the meeting was adjourned. —D. D. Jensen, Secretary. Two Hundred and Thirty-first Meeting The annual field meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held at Russelman Park, Contra Costa County, May 3, 1953. The recorded attendance of 66 persons included 21 members and 45 visitors. Members were present as follows: D. D. Jensen, J. W. MacSwain, P. S. Bartholomew, L. R. Gillogly, P. H. Arnaud. R. Matsuda, Roy Snelling, W. W. Middlekauff, E. 0. Essig, J. G. Edwards, J. W. Tilden, H. F. Madsen, R F. Smith, E. S. Ross, E. G. Linsley, Owen Bryant, H. B. Leech, W. C. Day, A. E. Michelbacher, W. H. Lange, and Don Burdick. The following visitors were present: G. W. Bane, Doris F. Jensen, Diana, Anita, Patricia and Carol Jensen, Mrs. Lorin R. Gillogly, Allan and James Gillogly, Mrs. John Mac- Swain,Tinker and Nancy MacSwain, Mrs. Marguerite Arnaud, Mrs. Charlotte Snelling, Marie Essig, Martha Michelbacher, Phyllis Middlekauff, Jeffrey and David Middlekauff, Alice Edwards, Jane Ann Edwards, Hazel Tilden, Jimmy and Bruce Tilden, Catherine Madsen, Carol, Bobby and Kenny Madsen, Libby Smith, Kathy, Tommy and Donald Smith, Mrs. E. S. Ross, Martha and Clark Ross, Jim Linsley, Juanita Linsley, Joan Linsley, Lucy Bryant, Thomas Leech, Mary Leech, Helen L. Day, Pauline S. Lange, Marilyn, Diana and Becky Lange, and Harry S. Creegor. Since the park was not open to the public in 1953 the Society had ex¬ clusive use of the facilities. The weather was ideal for outdoor activities which included a spirited game of softball, volleyball, and collecting, both 84 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 aquatic and terrestrial. The group included 25 children who thoroughly enjoyed the sports and exploring the area around the pond and stream.— D. D. Jensen, Secretary. Two Hundred and Thirty-second Meeting The two hundred and thirty-second meeting of the Pacific Coast Ento¬ mological Society was held at 7:30 p. m. on Friday, October 30, 1953, in the Morrison Auditorium of f he California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President MacSwain in the chair. The following members were present: A. E. Michelbacher, E. 0. Essig, W. W. Middlekauff, E. S. Ross, P. A. Adams, G. A. Marsh, W. C. Day, P. H. Arnaud. G. F. Ferris, R. L. Usinger, W. Harry Lange, K. F. fnnes, J. W. Tilden, L. M. Henry, Victor Stombler, J. G. Edwards, Thomas Lauret, H. B. Leech, J. D. Lattin, W. V. Garner, H. L. Hansen, Don Burdick, J. 0. Stivers, P. A. Harvey, R. F. Smith, E. G. Linsley, D. D. Jensen, Glen M. Cagley, Jane MacSwain, J. W. MacSwain, Gerald Kraft, Joseph Kamp, George Reichart. The following visitors were present: Dr. and Mrs. Otto H. Swezey, Mrs. W. C. Day, Carle Gemignoni, March Pitman, Leta Rae Lauret, Vincent D. Roth, Joseph E. Ryus, Stephen W. Hitchcock, Libby Smith, Juanita Linsley and Mrs. George Reichart. The minutes of the meetings held April 11 and May 3, 1953, were read and approved. The following were elected to membership in the Society: Joseph W. Kamp, Gerald F. Kraft, George B. Reichart, Glen M. Cagley, Mrs. J. W MacSwain, Professor W. J. Chamberlin, and Hirohiko Nagase, Kanagawa Pref., Japan. President MacSwain appointed Dr. Usinger, Dr. Tilden and Dr. Ross to serve as a nominating committee to propose a slate of officers, at the next meeting, to serve during 1954. President MacSwain discussed amendments to the By-Laws of the Society which have been approved by the Executive Board and stated that the proposed changes in wording would be mimeographed for distribution at the next meeting. Before calling for notes and exhibits, President MacSwain announced that the speaker for the evening, Dr. P. D. Hurd, who was to have spoken about the insect fauna of Point Barrow, Alaska, was ill and unable to attend the meeting. Dr. Tilden reported the collection of six species of Lepidoptera, two Diptera and a beetle which were of special interest. Philotes rita B. McD., once thought to be very rare, is now known to be common in association with Eriogonum wrighdi, and related plants. The insects seldom go more than a few feet from the plants. The larvae feed on the flower heads, and the adults visit the flowers. Hesperia uncas lasus Edw. Described from southern Arizona. Known collections are few. In the grasslands between Prescott and Mingus Mt., about 75 adults were collected in about two hours between thunder-showers in August, 1953. Most of them were females. Three species of butterflies have been added to the well-collected Santa Clara County area in the last two years. Philotes enoptes was found on flowers JANUARY, 1954 ] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 85 of Eriogonum wrighdi in September, 1953. Two males of Erynnis lacustra Wright were found near the summit of Mt. Hamilton. A few individuals of Strymon auretorum Bdv. were found in Arroyo Bayo. The larva feeds on Blue Oak, Quercus douglasii. Mitoura nelsoni muiri Hy. Edw. has been shown to be the Coast Range subspecies of this species. The food plant seems to be Libocedrus decurrens, incense cedar. Cuterebra sp., a rodent bot, has been taken several times in Arizona. The adults are attracted to water which is strange, since the adults have atrophied mouthparts. Larvaevorid or tachinid flies, of several species and in considerable numbers, were found attracted to the flowers of Cliff Rose, Cowania sp., in Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona. Moneilema gigas Lee. (Coleoptera). A single specimen was taken in Wickenburg, Arizona. Mr. Lattin reported that on a trip last summer with Dr. Usinger and Mrs. Lattin an interesting collection had been made at Hot Creek, Mono County, California. At the edge of the hot pools, under rocks and other debris, nymphs and adults were collected of a new species of Cryptostemma, of the hemipterous family Cryptostemmatidae. These small (1—2 mm. in length), active bugs should be looked for in similar habitats throughout California and other western states. Specimens of the closely allied genus Ceratocombus, have turned up in Berlese samples of leaf litter from southern California to the north coastal area. As in Cryptostemma the adults are small, brown and very active. While these bugs are known to be predacious, their distribution is poorly known due to their small size and their specialized habitat. Further collecting will greatly clarify the systematics of this group. Gordon Marsh presented notes on soil inhabiting organisms which he and R. 0. Schuster have collected from soil and litter in Berlese funnels. The first samples were taken during January, 1953. Considerable stress was placed on the accumulation of pselaphids, and in particular the genus Pselaptrichus. Thus far seven new species have been found in this genus. Samples have been taken from Santa Cruz, Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties and from portions of the Sierra Nevada and Panamint Mountains. It is of interest that Protura have been found throughout the year rather than only during the moist fall and winter months. A large number of Protura, identified by Dr. MacSwain as Eosenlomon pallidum, were taken at Fresh¬ water, Humboldt County, California. The only previous record from the state was from a peach orchard at Yuba City. This species represents one of the most archaic groups because it has spiracles. An interesting sidelight of this study is the discovery of a number of species of Coleoptera in which there has been a total loss of functional eyes. These occur in the families Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Scydamaenidae, Sil- phidae, Lathridiidae and Curculionidae. Mr. Leech reported a gift to the Society of $15.00 fi'om F. C. Hottes. He also reported the collection of Stator limbatus (Horn) (Bruchidae) at Clear Lake, California. This species was described from Lower California and 86 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 Sonora, Mexico. It is recorded from Texas, Arizona and southern California. There are no specimens in the California Academy of Sciences Collection from farther north than Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, California. Adults were taken in numbers at Lucerne, on the east side of Clear Lake, Lake County, on August 29, 1953 by Mr. and Mrs. Leech. They were on the flower heads of coxcomb (Celosia argentea var. cristata), but were presum¬ ably coming from leguminous trees nearby, since our Santa Monica specimens were reared from the seeds of Acacia cultriformis. The beetles were identified by L. J. Bottimer. Dr. Lange reviewed the 1953 outbreak of the rice leaf miner, Hydrellia griseola var. scapularis Loew in California. From 10 to 20 per cent of the rice crops was destroyed by this insect, resulting in a loss of approximately $16,000,000. In addition $1,200,000 were spent for insecticide control of the pest. He discussed its life history, and suggested that future outbreaks might be prevented by proper crop management, particularly that of water level in the rice fields. Dr. Edwards exhibited adults, larvae and eggs of Amphizoa (Amphi- zoidae). The eggs are extremely large and the ocelli of the larvae are visible through the egg-coat. The larvae are doubled up but when they emerge from the eggs are about 3% mm. long as the first instar of beetles which are only about 12 mm. long as adults. It was most interesting that the young larva looks just like the later instars, because the only closely related genus known is Pelobius (Pelobiidae), whose first instar larva is said to be “nauplius”— like larva similar to those of Crustacea. Dr. Otto H. Swezey reported a remarkable instance of polyembryony which he had recorded this season. His observations follow: “From February to May of this year an occasional cutworm caterpillar of the species Lycan- dades purpurea crispa Harv. was found in garden work and weed pulling at my new home on Fleming Avenue, at the base of the foothills east of San Jose, California. A few moths were reared, but one full-grown caterpillar which was found under a board on March 28 failed to pupate, apparently remaining dormant through the summer months, in the soil of the small jar in which it was held for observation. Finally, on September 15, this jar was found to be swarming with chalcid parasites. Being a rather strange situation, these parasites were killed and carefully counted, with a total of 1051, and probably a few were missed. “The empty dry skin of the caterpillar was examined and found to be perforated with numerous tiny holes where the adult parasites had issued. This furnishes a remarkable record of polyembryony. “The moth which is host in this case was kindly determined by Dr. J. W. Tilden of San Jose State College. The species of the parasite yet remains undetermined.” Dr. Jensen reported three recent developments of interest in the field of plant virus transmission by insects and mites. Roger M. Drake, Deputy Agricultural Commissioner of San Luis Obispo County, recently reported that the aster yellows virus had caused a loss of from 10 to 50 per cent (average 30%) of the two and one-half million dollar celery crop in the Arroyo Grande Valley in 1953. In 1952 the loss also ranged from 10 to 50 per cent JANUARY, 1954] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 87 and in 1951 from 2 to 30 per cent. Black (Phytopathology 43:466) maintained two strains of potato yellow dwarf virus in plants without insect transmission for 12 and 16 years. When tested with 454 leafhoppers, the virus had lost its transmissibility by these insects, whereas 433 control insects produced 102 infections with fresh isolates of the virus from the field. Dr. Black believes the property of transmissibility by specific vectors was lost through mutation during the years the virus strains were kept in plants without insect transmission. Dr. Slykhuis (Phytopath. 43:484) announces that the eriophyid mite Aceria tulipae Keifer, is the vector of wheat streak mosaic virus in South Dakota. This is only the second plant virus shown to be transmitted by mites. Dr. Usinger displayed Dr. Ross’ new book “Insects Close Up” and commented on the wide publicity and favorable reception being accorded the work. Dr. Ross reported the recent purchase, by the California Academy of Sciences, of the Howard M. Parshley collection of Heteroptera, consisting of 26,000 mounted specimens most of which are named. Dr. Ross brought the collection from Northampton, Mass., to California by car and en route continued his project of color photography of living insects. Some of his recent pictures were projected on the screen. Paul H. Arnaud also showed slides of a collecting trip taken into the Sierra San Pedro Martir Mountains of Baja California. During the last portion of the meeting Dr. Usinger commented briefly cn his recent trip to Europe and on the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology held at Copenhagen. He showed a series of his pictures which had been selected primarily to show a number of the scientific museums of Europe and some of the people who were at the Congress or at the museums. The meeting was adjourned at 9:30 p. m. —D. D. Jensen, Secretary. Two Hundred and Thirty-third Meeting The two hundred and thirty-third meeting of the Pacific Coast Ento¬ mological Society was held at 2:00 p m. on Saturday, November 28, 1953, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President MacSwain conducted the meeting. The following mem¬ bers were present: W. C. Day, H. B, Leech, W. R. Kellen, E. O. Essig, A. E. Michelbacher, L. R. Gillogly, W. Y. Garner, K. S. Hagen, J. J. Drea, E. E. Gilbert, P. H. Timberlake, H. P. Chandler, W. H.‘ Lange, E. G. Linsley, V. Stombler, P. H. Arnaud, E. S. Ross, J. W. Tilden, J. G. Edwards, G. Kraft, B. Keh, E. L. Kessel, G. M. Cagley, G. F. Ferris, R L. Usinger, C. E. Kaufeldt, P. S. Bartholomew, J. W. Green, B. Brookman, R. F. Smith, D. D. Jensen, J W. MacSwain, J. E. Swift, and E. C. Loomis. Visitors were present as follows: Jim Gillogly, Mrs. L. R. Gillogly, Allan Gillogly, Lloyd H. Shinners, Joan Linsley, James W. Chapman, Hazel Tilden, John C. Downey, William Hovanitz, Bruce Eldridge, B. F. Sargent, Vince Roth, and Pauline S. Lange. The minutes of the meeting held October 30, 1953, were read and approved. The following were elected to full membership in the Society: Miss Hilary Hacker, Tom S. Briggs, William Anthony Doalin, John Charles Dow- 88 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 ney, John E. Swift and Edmond C. Loomis. William R. Kellen was elected to student membership. President MacSwain called for the reports ordinarily given at the annual meeting of the Society. In the absence of Dr. Miller, the treasurer’s report was not available. Mr. Leech announced that, because of the pressure of other work, it was necessary for him to resign as co-editor of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist. A motion, made by Dr. Usinger, was passed expressing the appreciation of the Society for the excellent service Mr. Leech rendered during his tenure as editor. President MacSwain briefly explained the proposed amendments to the By-Laws of the Society which had been mimeographed and were distributed to the members at the beginning of the meeting. A motion was made, seconded and passed that the By-Laws of the Society be amended as follows: AMENDMENTS TO THE BY-LAWS' OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY November 28, 1953 PRESENT WORDING Article IV, Section 4: . . . The treasurer who is hereby granted authority to ex¬ pend the money necessary to send out notices of meetings and to defray ex¬ penses, send out bills, etc., in conjunc¬ tion with publication of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Article V, Section 2, paragraph 2: The Publication Committee shall appoint an editorial board for the Pan-Pacific Ento¬ mologist consisting of an editor (or edi¬ tors) and such associate and assistant editors and advisory members as may be deemed necessary. Article V, Section 4, last sentence: It shall further be the duty of the commit¬ tee to consider members’ applications for associate and student status and to re¬ view the membership from time to time for persons to be nominated as Honored members. Article VI, Section 3: The annual dues shall be $3.00 for regular members, $2.00 for associate and subscribing members. PROPOSED WORDING .... The treasurer who is hereby granted authority to expend the money necessary to send out notices of meetings and to defray expenses, send out bills, etc., in connection with publications of the So¬ ciety and such other necessary expenses of the Society as are approved by the Executive Board. The Publication Committee shall appoint editorial boards for the Pan-Pacific En¬ tomological and other Society publica¬ tions, consisting of an editor (or editors) and such associate and assistant editors and advisory members as may be deemed necessary. Delete: “associate and” The annual dues shall be $5.00 for regu¬ lar members, $4.00 for subscribing mem¬ bers. JANUARY, 1954 ] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 89 Article VI, Section 4: Any member may become a life member by the payment of $50 in one sum and shall thenceforth be freed from payment of annual dues. Article VI, Section 5: Any regular mem¬ ber who lives at such a distance from the place of meeting that attendance is not practicable may, upon request, be made an associate member. The dues for asso¬ ciate members shall be $2 per year. Associate members may resume regular status by payment of the regular $3 dues. Article VI, Section 8: All members ex¬ cept for student members or as herein otherwise provided shall receive the pub¬ lications of the Society with no addi¬ tional charge. Any member may become a life member by the payment of $75 in one sum and shall thenceforth be freed from payment of annual dues Delete entire section Replace with: Members who are in good standing, and who have retired from ac¬ tive service may, on request, be con¬ tinued as active members without pay¬ ment of dues. Moreover, such members, if they desire, may receive the Pan-Pa¬ cific Entomologist upon payment of $1 per year. All members, except for student mem¬ bers, retired members or as herein other¬ wise provided shall receive the Pan- Pacific Entomologist with no additional charge. Upon a motion made by Dr. Usinger, Dr. Otto H. Swezey was made a Retired Member of the Society. Dr. Swezey thus becomes the first to receive this special type of membership for retired entomologists just created by the above amendments to the By-Laws. In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Professor Essig reported that in August, 1953, he had attended the Rocky Mountain Ento¬ mological Conference held at Pingree Park, Colorado. This three-day con¬ ference, held annually in recent years, was attended by approximately 150 people. Many of the entomologists in attendance brought their families with ^hem because the program provides for hiking and social activities as well as for relatively informal entomological meetings. Mr. Paul Allen reported that Trogoderma granarium Everts, a dermestid of oriental origin, was found recently in wheat and barley stored at Angiola and Alpaugh in Tulare County. The infestation at Alpaugh was very heavy. The larvae tend to congregate on top of the grain and at the sides of the bins. It is probable that other grains are also good food for this beetle. A survey of other warehouses has disclosed an infestation of several years’ standing in Fresno. This had been quite thoroughly cleaned up, but probably was the source of the other two known infestations in California. Under favorable conditions there may be several generations a year, but under unfavorable conditions the larvae may survive two years. The survey is continuing. Dr. Linsley was asked by Mr. Allen to comment on the discovery of this pest in California because the original collection and determination of the beetles had been handled by the University of California. Dr. Linsley reported that the insects were first sent in by the Tulare County Farm Advisor’s Office in October, 1953, to J. E. Swift, Extension Entomologist. They were examined by Dr. Linsley who recognized the beetles as belonging to the genus Trogoderma and representing a species not common to this area and 90 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 1 possibly an important pest. Dr. Linsley suggested the beetles be immediately sent to Dr. Beal of Denver, Colorado, who has recently re-worked all the species of this genus. Dr. Beal determined the beetles as Trogoderma granarium Everts. He notified Mr. Swift, who in turn immediately informed Mr. Armitage, Chief of the State Bureau of Entomology. Dr. Usinger exhibited specimens of Aradus evermanni Van Duzee (Aradidae) and reported that during the summer field course, Entomology 49, entomology students of the University of California collected specimens found resting on tent canvas at their camp on White Mountain. This species is rare in collections and scattered in its recorded distribution. Described from San Francisco, it has since been found elsewhere in California and in Arizona and Texas. It was not recorded by Linsley and Usinger in dispersal flights at Mt. Lassen (Pan-Pacific Ent. 18:84, 1942) or Yosemite (Pan-Pacific Ent. 20:111, 1944). Aradus evermanni belongs to the Lugubris Group (Parshley, 1921), all members of which are usually found in flight or resting on walls, tents, screens, etc. The precise habitat is not known for any of these species including the common Holarctic Aradus lugubris Fallen. The occurrence of A. evermanni at 10,000 feet on White Mountain in July is interesting because the only coniferous trees in the vicinity were Pinus flexilis James and Pinus aristata Engelm. Dr. Linsley exhibited a series of bees and their parasites that had been collected in Southern Mexico. The principal bee species was an anthophorid of the genus Melitoma which digs its burrows in cliffs; while the other bee species borrow the old burrows of Melitoma. The most unusual of the parasites in this collection was a series of an apparently undescribed species of Mantispid reared from the cells of the Melitoma sp. Mr. Leech passed around the June, 1953, copy of a Japanese entomologi¬ cal journal, Shin Konshu. in which there is an obituary, with portrait by Y. Nishio, of the late Dr. E. C. Van Dyke (vol. 6, No. 6, p. 8). Mr. Leech exhibited a piece of balsa wood which had formed the pinning bottom of a cigar box, in constant use at the Academy for at least the past two years. On November 21, dust seeping out of it was investigated, and a series of dead adults and one live larva of a cassenine weevil were found. The beetles are unlike any from North America, and are presumably of notropical origin. Mr. Leech also exhibited a box of beetles, showing the remarkable resemblances of various Tenebrionidac to species of ten other families. Dr. Ross projected a number of color slides showing alkali bees of the genus Nomia in Utah, where they are important in the pollination of alfalfa, and their bombiliid parasites. President MacSwain called on Dr. Usinger, chairman of the nominating committee, to present the slate of officers proposed by the committee for 1954. There were no nominations from the floor, and the following were elected: J. Gordon Edwards, President; W. C. Day, Vice-President; D. D. Jensen, Secretary; R. C. Miller, Treasurer; and W. H. Lange, Member at Large. Dr. MacSwain then requested President-elect Edwards to assume the JANUARY, 1954] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 91 chairmanship of the meeting. Dr. Edwards then called on Dr. MacSwain to give his retiring presidential address entitled “Some problems in larval and adult classifications of the Meloidae.” Dr. MacSwain pointed out that students of larvae and adults commonly disagree on the levels of classification to be applied to various groups within any one family and not infrequently tend to ignore the results presented from the other viewpoint. The Meloidae are no exception in this regard, and at the present time, two very different classifications are being used. The adult classification admits two subfamilies and nine tribes, while most larval classifications would separate the Meloidae first into two families, and sec¬ ondly would divide the major family into four subfamilies and ten tribes. He then discussed the habits of the adults and larvae which correlate with these two classifications and showed how, partially on the basis of new evidence, a single usable classification could be derived. Following the ad¬ dress, the meeting was adjourned.—D. D. Jensen, Secretary. ( S UN LA Inc. MANUFACTURERS AND PROCESSORS OF • Sulphur • Insecticides • Fertilizers • Seeds j Home Office and Plant Sunland Ave. Fresno, California P. O. Box 1669 Phone Fresno 2-4113 ii two great insecticides . . . CHLORDANI i| CONTROLS THESE INSECTS Ants, Armyworms, Blister Beetles, Boxelder Bugs, Brown Dog Ticks, Cabbage Maggots, Cattle Lice, Chiggers, Chinch Bugs, Cockroaches, Cotton Boll Weevils, Crickets, Cutworms, Earwigs, Fleas, Flies, Grasshoppers, Household Spiders, Japanese Beetle Larvae, Lawn Moths, Lygus Bugs, Mole Crickets, Mormon Crickets, Mosquitoes, Onion Maggots, Onion Thrips, Plum Curculio, Sarcoptic Mange, Seed Corn Maggots, Serpentine Leaf Miners, Sheep Ked, Silverfish, Sod Webworms, Southern Corn Rootworms, Strawberry Crown Borers, Strawberry Weevils, Sweet Clover Weevils, Tarnished Plant Bugs, Termites, Ticks, White Grubs, Wireworms . . . and many others HEPTACHLOR CONTROLS THESE INSECTS Alfalfa Weevils, Ants, Argentine Ants, Cotton Boll Weevils, Cabbage Maggots, Chinch Bugs, Corn Borers (European), Corn Rootworms, Cotton Thrips, Cowpea Curculio, Crickets, Cucumber Beetles, Cutworms, European Chafer, Eye Gnats, Fleas, Flea Beetles, Garden Webworms, Grasshoppers, Japanese Beetles, Leaf Miners, Lygus Bugs, Mormon Crickets, Mosquitoes, Narcissus Bulb Flies, Onion Maggots, Onion Thrips, Plum Curculio, Rapid Plant Bugs, Screwworms, Seed Corn Maggots, Serpentine Leaf Miners, Spittle Bugs, Sugar Beet Root Maggots, Sweet Clover Weevils, Tarnished Plant Bugs, Tobacco Flea Beetles, Tomato Fruitworms, Tuber Flea Beetles, Turnip Maggots, Western Harvester Ants, White Grubs (June Beetles), Wireworms. . . and many others. WRITE FOR FULL PARTICULARS VELSICOL CORPORATION Division of Arvey Corporation General Offices and Laboratories Export Division 330 East Gravid Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois 100 East 42nd Street, New York 17, New York REPRESENTATIVES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES . OlRIVfD o' % l XWI ■ VELSICOL yr G v e * S I C Ill When you want reliable, up-to-date, technical information concerning PAR ATHION and MALATHION consult American Cyanamid, the company that developed both of these important contribu¬ tions to the field of insecticides. We welcome your inquiries. AMERICAN Gianamid COMPANY Manufacturer of jfiiopAos Parathion Technical and MALATHON Technical Agricultural Chemicals Division 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y. .A IV that guards crops and livestock! Du Pont fuels the "JET" O ne device that symbolizes today’s practical scien¬ tific farms is the sprayer, spouting chemicals froin one ''jet” or from twenty. High pressure or low, 3-gallon or 1000-gallon, it is a sign of modern times in agriculture. Why is this true? Because today specialized farm chemicals used in sprays are important to every kind of farming. Chemical sprays are used to: INSECTICIDES: epn 300, mar¬ inate* methoxychlor, DEE- NATE* DDT, LEXONE* benzene hexachloride, KRENITE* dinitro spray, Du Pont Cotton Dusts, Du Pont Dairy Cattle Spray and Dairy Bam Insecticide, Du Pont Livestock Spray & Dip No. 30. Kill flies and mosquitoes on livestock, in barns and other farm buildings. Control the insects and diseases that attack fruit and vegetables, cotton and corn, hay and pasture. Kill the weeds in fields and fencerows and the brush in rangeland, pasture and woodland. Many new spray chemicals as well as other products for the farm have been developed through Du Pont re¬ search. They have been tested and proven through the work of Du Pont scientists and technicians with the cooperation of schools and experiment stations and prac¬ tical farmers. You can look to Du Pont for chemicals to guard your crops and make your farm more productive. On oil chemicals always follow directions for application. Where warning or coy , lion statements on use of the product are given, read them carefully. FUNGICIDES: manzate.i par- ZATE* (nabam and zineb), FER- MATE* (ferbam), ZERLATE* (zi- ram). Copper-A (fixed copper), SULFORON* and SULFORON*- X wettable sulfurs. WEED AND BRUSH KILLERS: CMU, AMMATE,* 2,4-D, TCA and 2, 4,5-T. FEED SUPPLEMENTS: delster- OL* Vitamin D 3 ("D’’-activated animal sterol), Methionine amino acid. SEED DISINFECTANTS: arasan* for corn, grass, legumes, peanuts, vegetables, sorghum, rice; CERE- SAN* for cotton and small grains. *nca. u. s. pat. oFries tTRAOE MARK R E5.U. S.PAT.Orf BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER U V I N G ... T H ft O U G H CHEMISTHY V Glance behind the agricultural research scene at Rohm & Haas and you would say: "The future is going to be rough on farm pests.” And you would be right! Development of agricultural chemicals is hitting a faster pace than ever at the company’s laboratories and experimental farms. Hornworms and the red-banded leaf roller are kept under control by Rhothane; plant diseases are checked by Dithane. Many pests on the farm must still be licked. But for every one, intensive research will ultimately spell control. ROHM £ HAAS COM PANY WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA 5, PA. Representatives in principal foreign countries DITHANE Fungicides DDT Insecticides LETHANE—fast knockdown agent in household and livestock sprays. RHOTHANE (DDD or TDE) Insecticides TRITON emulsifiers are offered in a wide selection for the emulsification of many organic pesticides used today. WEED KILLERS 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T herbicides 2,4-D acid Butyl and Isopropyl ester concentrates Capryl ester low volatile formulations Amine salt of 2,4-D Ester formulations Brush killer formulations containing capryl esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Dithane, Lethane, Rhothane and Triton are trademarks, Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. and in prin¬ cipal foreign countries. VI MULTI-FILM "L" "L" STANDS FOR LIQUID A SPREADER and DEPOSIT BUILDER that really WETS and still DEPOSITS MULTI-FILM "L" ADDS A PLUS VALUE TO NEW ORGANIC PESTICIDES Colloidal Products Corporation ESTABLISHED 1920 2598 TAYLOR STREET • SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA Manufacturers of Spreaders - Deposit Builders for Agricultural Sprays THERE’S AN Eston Insecticide for every farm need ... ALKRON® parathion formulations ARATRONf new miticide containing aramite BROMOFUME® EDB soil fumigants ESTONMITE® miticide-ovicide ESTONATE® 50% DDT liquids and powders ESTONOXf toxophene formulations MALAPKOSf malathon formulations METHYL BROMIDE space fumigant TETRON® TEPP formulations ALDRIN & DIELDRIN liquid and dry formulations TUMBLE-WEEDf non-selective herbicides f Trade Mark A.P.&C.C. SALES REPRESENTATIVES IN ALL MAJOR AGRICULTURAL AREAS American Potash A Chemical Corporation ESTON CHEMICALS DIVISION 3100 EAST 26TH STREET, LOS ANGELES 23, CALIFORNIA 7 / mm ii v y v ?CHEMICAlI 51 ^ 1885 SINCE FOR YEAR-ROUND FRUIT and VEGETABLE PROTECTION Insecticides Sulphurs Fungicides Parasiticides Stauffer Knapsack Duster A TIME-HONORED NAME IN CHEMICALS vn Vlll BLACK LEAF PRODUCTS DIVISION of the VIRGINIA-CAROLINA CHEMICAL CORP. formerly TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS AND CHEMICAL CORP. (The World's Largest Manufacturers of Nicotine Products) BLACK LEAF 40 The Standard for Generations for Control of Many Insects It Is Easy on Friendly and Beneficial Insects Other BLACK LEAF Products Include A Full Line of Agricultural Chemicals and Concentrates ★ SAN JOSE OFFICE: 1214 Bayshore Highway (California) IX It’s curious! Never stopping . . . always looking ahead . . . the scientists who say "it’s curious” are already searching out new paths to to¬ morrow’s knowledge. As quickly as new ideas are marketed and enveloped by in¬ dustry and agriculture — scientists are shouldering new tasks . . . discovering new chemicals . . . striving for even greater perfection. This never-ending curiosity has made possible such outstanding pesticides as al- drin, dieldrin and D-D®. And even before these chemical developments hit their peak of production and acceptance—Shell scientists are working with such advanced products as endrin, isodrin and CBP. Still other developments are underway and may soon be released for practical applications. Shell Chemical scientists are grateful for the opportunity to work hand in hand with those in industry and government agencies . . . without whose tireless co¬ operation more efficient chemicals for the farmer would not be possible. SHELL CHEMICAL CORPORATION JULIUS HYMAN & COMPANY DIVISION Chemical Partner of Industry and Agriculture P.O. BOX 2171, DENVER 1, COLORADO Atlanta • Chicago • Houston • Los Angeles • New York • San Francisco • St. Louis • Portland, Ore. PACIFIC DISCOVERY An illustrated magazine of natural sciences published by the CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES San Francisco 18 , California INSECTS CLOSE UP By EDWARD S. ROSS This 81-page book with 125 figures, many of which are in color, is a must for anyone in- interested in insects or photogra¬ phy. The book is, without a doubt, the most excellent of its kind. SEND ORDERS TO UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY 4, CALIF. Price $1.50 Cloth $2.25 9n J &&f (i/jcAh (jJhsite OhdmaMj (pWiaihion, mcuj (Bn (pAa&swiinq (pjvobl&nu, (bofii OvsaLodL SAFER . . Continuing laboratory and field tests prove ORTHOPHOS 4 Spray has reduced toxocity in respect to skin penetration of Parathion. SURE CONCENTRATED . . . Although this is a safer Parathion, it has twice the concentration of most formulations— contains 4 lbs. of Parathion per gallon. MORE EFFECTIVE . . Improved wetting qualities give better coverage of plants and insects. This is important cost-wise, since less material may be required to get results. VAP0TOME XX Spray and VAPOTONE Dusts ... ORTHO's special TEPP formulations. Leave no poisonous resi¬ dues, so are accepted as the ideal pre-harvest control for fruit and field crops. TM's Ortho, Orthophos, Vapotone, Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. CALIFORNIA SPRAY-CHEMICAL Corp. RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA Medina, New York • Linden, New Jersey Goldsboro, North Carolina * Fennville, Michigan • Orlando, Florida • Shreveport, Louisiana • Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Maryland Heights, Missouri • Caldwell, Idaho * Portland, Oregon • Sacramento, California • San Jose, California • Fresno, California • Whittier, California • Phoenix, Arizona. Niagara’s planned protection pro¬ gram assures Western growers of top profits from every crop for two reasons. First is the skill and experience of research chemists, entomologists and trained labora¬ tory workers, expressed in the su¬ perior control powers of Niagara materials. Second is the expert knowledge of local growing con¬ ditions and infestations, supplied by Niagara Field Representatives. This combination, checked and proven by years of actual use, gives doubled-barreled results in reduced damage from insects and disease, plus higher profits from more top quality fruit, produce, and livestock. Niagara offers Western growers additional help through a series of Field Service Bulletins which con¬ tain local insect and disease con¬ trol recommendations for every crop in every agricultural region. If you wish copies for your own information, without obligation, write Niagara Chemical Division, Richmond, Calif., Dept. 151 INSECTICIDES • FUNGICIDES • HERBICIDES • LIVESTOCK SPRAYS & DIPS Niagara CHEMICAL DIVISION FOOD MACHINERYAND CHEMICAL CORPORATION RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA • HOME OFFICE - MIDDLEPORT, NEW YORK Vol. XXX APRIL, 1954 No. 2 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist CONTENTS CHAPMAN—Swarming of ants on western United States mountain summits . 93 EVANS—The male of Tastiotenia festiva..103 CHANDLER—Four new species of dobsonflies from California...105 HOREN—Modified flag for tick collecting.112 MALKIN—Range extension of Notonecta sbooteri..112 TODD—New species of Nerthra from California...113 HELFER—A new Hippomelas from California.117 FURMAN—A new species of Androlaelaps from Perognathus in southern California . 119 SNELLING—The host of Myrmosula rutilans (Blake)...124 CHANDLER—New genera and species of Elmidae (Coleoptera) from California . 125 FENDER—On some Malthodes... 131 TIMBERLAKE—Two new species of Nomada, subgenus Gnathias, from WIRTH—A new species of Glutops and other new records of California Tabanoidea . 137 SLATER & KNIGHT—The taxonomic status of Oligotylus Van Duzee and Leptotylus Van Duzee, with the description of a new species of Psallus ... ^ _ 143 SNELLING—Records of Exomalopsis sidae in California and Baja California .. 145 MICHELBACHER & HURD—Monodontomerus montivagus Ashmead, a parasite of Megachile centuncularis (Linnaeus).146 LINQUIST—Flies attracted to decomposing liver in Lake County, California . 147 GARNER—A case of reverse predation in the Carabidae.152 HUSSEY—Two new species of Pselliopus and some distribution notes....153 LEECH—Leptidiella brevipennis (Mulsant) reared from toyon.158 LEE—The absence of negative phototropism in the Mexican chicken bug, Haematosiphon indorus (Duges).. 159 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1954 Publish'd by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD E. G. Linslet P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor R. L. Usinger E. S. Ross H. B. Leech R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed¬ ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution. Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4, Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address, requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed to the treasurer. Dr. R. C. Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 18, Calif. Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year in advance. Price for single copies, $1.00. Make checks payable to “Pan-Pacific Entomologist." Announcing . . . REVISION OF THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY TETRANYCHIDAE by A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker This world-wide treatment (300 pp., 330 figures) of the “Red Spiders” is the second volume in the Memoirs Series of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. Each species is beautifully illustrated in the inimitable style of E. W. Baker. The work deals with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders”. Synoptic keys have been prepared, descriptions are presented for all species including the major agricultural pests, and some twen¬ ty species are described as new. Publication date—December, 1954. Special Prepublication Price: $9.00. Send orders to: Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park 18, San Fran¬ cisco. For your convenience, an order sheet is found in this issue, facing page 160. Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the post office at San Francisco, under act of August 24,1912. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. XXX April, 1954 No. 2 SWARMING OF ANTS ON WESTERN UNITED STATES MOUNTAIN SUMMITS John A. Chapman Forest Biology, Science Service, Dept, of Agriculture . Victoria, B.C.* In July, 1951, surprising numbers of insects were noted at the top of an 8,000 foot mountain near Missoula, Montana. During the following year, many personal conversations about summit insects were held with men who had manned U. S. Forest Service fire lookout stations at various times in the past. These conversations revealed that gatherings of large numbers of winged ants on moun¬ tain and ridge tops were of fairly common occurrence in western Montana and northern Idaho and actually constituted a regular and considerable nuisance at some lookout points. A search through the literature on ants for information on mountain top swarming yielded only a fetv observations from North America, of unusually high altitude distribution of winged individ¬ uals belonging to certain species, although some European records of ant swarming and mating activity on hill and mountain tops were found. It was felt that such an apparently widespread phenomenon should be further investigated. A program was in¬ itiated to try and secure additional information and observations on summit swarming of flying ants from Forest Service personnel located on the network of mountain top lookout stations through¬ out the western United States, and also to study the phenomenon locally, in conjunction with a general investigation of insect activity on one nearby mountain summit. A single data sheet which could be readily filled out was prepared and the request made, through Forest Supervisors of the various National Forests in the western United States, that copies be placed with as many fire lookout observers as possible. This form was accompanied by an explanatory note describing some aspects of swarming behavior in ants and explaining the study program. The information supplied through these forms for the summer of 1952 as well as some data from previous years, based upon the memory or records of various individuals, was sum- * This study was accomplished while the writer was on the staff of Montana State University. 94 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 marized and analyzed. About 30 persons who had observed summit ant swarms themselves were personally interviewed. Summit swarming of ants was studied locally on Squaw Peak, altitude 7,996 feet, about 25 miles northwest of Missoula, Montana. This peak is rather isolated and has a fairly well defined summit below which there are extensive slide rock areas with patches of soil here and there supporting trees and alpine vegetation char¬ acteristic of the region. Nine visits were made to this peak during the period from late June to early September, 1952. Winged ants were directly taken and observed on July 28, 29, August 3, 8, 9 and September 2 and were collected at various times from pans of oil- covered water which were set out on and near the summit on June 28 and left until August 26 or September 2. These pans were of two sizes, 12x19x2 inches and 16x25x3% inches and one of each size was placed at each of three stations whose relationship to each other is as follows: station A, summit, altitude 7,996 feet; station B, 163 feet from A, altitude 7,972 feet; station C, 173 feet from B, altitude 7,921 feet. The two lower stations were located at 290° with respect to the highest station. Small patches of soil and vegeta¬ tion occurred at station A, but substrate at stations B and C con¬ sisted entirely of large lichen-covered rocks. Insects from the two pans at station C were kept together as were those from station B pans. The small pan (station A a ) at the summit was located on a four and one half foot cairn while the large pan (station A 2 ) rested on the adjacent summit surface. After these two pans were found to differ greatly in the number of ants trapped all insects from them were kept separately. On days when direct observations were made the estimated abundance, distribution on and around the summit, mating activity, and general behavior of winged ants were frequently noted. Altogether about 39 hours were spent in actual study and observation of general insect activity on and near the summit at times when winged ants were present. Condensed and sumarized data from summit lookout stations are presented in Figure l 1 and in Table l 2 . It should be recorded that many of the lookout station observers supplemented the information on their data sheets with more or 1 Base map supplied through courtesy of McKnight and McKnight Publishing Co., Bloomington, Illinois. 2 It is regretted that the help of the large number of fire lookout observers and District Rangers of the U. S. Forest Service who supplied information used in this study cannot be individually acknowledged here. April, 1954 ] CHAPMAN-ANTS 95 less detailed accounts of the ant swarming seen. These accounts agree with the descriptions of most persons who were personally interviewed and with the observations of the writer on Squaw Peak in consistently indicating 1) the location of swarms to be tops of mountains or ridges and 2) a definite restriction of the swarms to a rather small area at the actual summits, usually the highest object or objects there such as roof, windows and external stove pipe of the cabin, and in a few cases the tops of trees immediately 96 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 adjacent to the summit as well. Frequently, when cabins were elevated on towers (which ranged up to 90 feet in height) swarms would be present by or on the cabins but not on the surface of the ground below. TABLE I. CONDENSED AND SUMMARIZED INFORMATION FROM LOOKOUT STATION OBSERVERS Number of Number of Reports Reports Total . 256 Altitude—all swarms of ants Size swarms (maximum num- 0 - 2,000 ft. . . • 0 bers reported from any area) 2,000- 4,000 ft. . . . 21 100s. 69 4,000- 6,000 ft. . . . 73 1000s . 111 6,000- 8,000 ft. . . . 89 10,000s. 65 8,000 - 10,000 ft. . . . 43 Mating of ants observed . . . 163 over 10,000 ft. . . . 5 Shedding of wings observed . . 36 Altitude—swarms of tens of Maximum numbers ants on thousands of ants relatively warm calm days 2,000- 4,000 ft. . . . 6 (wind less than 3 m.p.h.) 118 4,000- 6,000 ft. . . - . 23 Location of swarms at actual 6,000- 8,000 ft. . . . 18 summit or top of ridges and 8,000 - 10,000 ft. . . 8 mountains. 240 over 10,000 ft. . . 2 Time of day at which swarms Time of year at which were reported to occur swarming was noted 7 -10 A.M. 132 May. . 2 10 -12 A.M. 164 June. . . 30 12- 2 P.M. 102 July ,,,,,,, ? 1 198 2 - 4 P.M. 72 August. . 143 4- 6 P.M. 41 September. . . 40 Some degree of close observation is necessary in order to ob¬ serve mating activity in swarms, and it was consistently noted on Squaw Peak at times of even light swarming. It is therefore felt that this activity is probably quite a consistent feature of summit swarming. Shedding of wings was reported relatively few times. This might he due to the inconspicuous nature of the process or to the tendency of dealate females to seek shelter and thus be overlooked. However, no wing shedding was noted on Squaw Peak. Also, many observers described such large invasions of lookout cabins by the winged ants that they died in great numbers there, while at the same time stating that no shedding of wings was seen. Seevral persons inter¬ viewed stated that they had not noticed loss of wings and felt fairly certain that, because of the large numbers of winged ants present, they would have observed this had it been widespread. April, 1954 ] CHAPMAN—ANTS 97 Several collections of winged ants which occurred in summit swarms were sent in with the data forms. The ants represented and the number of samples in which each was found are as follows: 3 Formica sanguinea subnuda Em.24 Formica sp. (microgyria group).1 Formica sp/ fusca group).1 Formica sp. (sanguinea group).1 Formica sp.9 Leptothorax canadensis Prov.9 Leptothorax sp.2 Myrmica aldrichi (Whir.).2 Myrmica lobicornis jracticornis Em. 1 Myrmica (Myrmica) sp.10 On the days when the writer observed the flying ant activity on Squaw Peak there was no doubt about the preference of the ants for the actual summit and, in the case of Formica sanguinea sub¬ nuda , for the two cairns on the summit (one eight feet and the other four and a half feet high). These ants were observed on July 29, August 3 and 9 to congregate in numbers (up to several hun¬ dred) on the upper rocks of the cairns, where they would crawl about actively and where mating took place. There always appeared to be many more males than females, a difference which showed up in most samples of this species which were set in by lookout observers. Counts made of samples of pan collected specimens gave the following ratios of males to females: 377 to 33, August 3; 377 to 16, August 9; 377 to 15, August 26. Leptothorax canadensis, noted in hundreds on July 29, ap¬ peared to form loose flying groups to the leeward of the smaller cairn and only scattered individuals were seen elsewhere at that time. Data from the oil-water pans, given in Table II, show clearly that for both of these ants preference for the summit itself, and in the case of F. sanguinea subnuba the cairns specifically, exists. Differences in relative numbers of L. canadensis taken by large and small summit pans suggest some shifting of specific swarming site of this species about the summit. No aggregations of either species were seen away from the actual top of the peak although surrounding lower areas were frequently visited in order to determine swarm distribution. Maximum numbers of ants were noted on relatively warm calm days. At these times the ants could be seen flying about at 3 All specimens were identified by M. R. Smith. U S Nationa 1 Museum. 98 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 the summit without being apparently influenced by air currents. At other times the ants seemed to have difficulty reaching and main¬ taining themselves on the cairns against the force of the wind. There is no doubt about the presence of eddies of air currents around the summit. At times, for example, southwesterly winds of eight to eleven miles per hour were measured there, while 20 to 50 feet down on the east side (10 to 50 feet in vertical elevation) velocities were close to zero. However, ants were never seen to swarm at such points. TABLE II. ANTS COLLECTED BY OIL-WATER PANS ON AND NEAR SUMMIT SQUAW PEAK Date of Station At Station A* Station B Station C Collection 1 Cairn Summit Surface July 3 large 5 109 (ants from 0 0 smalfi 5 Station Ai andAo combined) 0 0 July 15 7 large 522 not noted 0 s 0 s small not noted not noted not noted not noted July 29 large 1418 400 5 5 small 2285 3477 34 3 August 3 large 7922 265 26 8 small 10244 3468 963 211 August 9 large 2701 238 9 6 small 2511 3340 342 125 August 26 7 large 2090 268 14 4 small 695 5310 552 187 September 2 large 8 not used not used not used small 13 There are limitations to the use and intepretation of the in- formation secured from fire lookout observers. Much of it was furnished by persons lacking technical training in biology and may be incomplete and even incorrect. Frequently only part of the information requested was given. Many of the lookout stations from which reports were received were manned only during certain periods of the summer, depending on area fire danger ratings, and 4 Pans set out June 28. 5 Mostly Formica sanguines subnuda Em. 0 Mostly Leptothorax canadensis Prov. 7 Pans all dry on these dates. 8 Small pans only were checked. April, 1954 ] CHAPMAN-ANTS 99 thus do not include all instances of swarming which might have occurred. However, many observations had undoubtedly been carefully made and the data as a whole probably provide a reason¬ ably good picture of many aspects of mountain summit ant swarm¬ ing in the areas represented. In trying to determine the causes of summit abundance of winged ants it is necessary to carefully consider the possible effects of wind on these ants. Complex air currents are a characteristic feature of mountainous regions. The topography influences and modifies large air mass movements in one direction and heating and cooling of the varied land surfaces, due to gain and loss by radiation during the day and night, respectively, produce varied local air movements. Fire control studies in the northern Rocky Mountain region by the U. S. Forest Service ( Barrows, 1951) have shown that, as a general rule, upslope winds commence around 9:00 A.M. and continue until late afternoon when, after a short transition period, downslope winds occur. It is logical to assume that updraft air currents play a role in mountain top ant swarming. It is known that air currents can transport ants as well as other insects to considerable distances above the surface of the earth even under relatively mild weather conditions (Glick, 1939). In many ant species the reproductive forms leave different nests within an area at much the same time so that some temporary abundance of winged ants may be noted in almost any locality. (Forel, 1875, 1930; Emery, 1891; Wheeler, 1910). If ants emerge at loAver elevations during the day any updraft currents would tend to carry them upwards. Winged ants are not considered to be strong fliers and almost any air movement in a particular direction might be expected to affect their distribution. Once ant reproductives were present in numbers on a summit, one would expect their mating activity to proceed as it would below. It is interesting to note that in 118 of the reports from lookout stations and also at Squaw Peak, maximum numbers of ants were observed on warm calm days, if winds of three miles per hour and less are included in the calm category. Many ant species tend to swarm on such days at lower elevations. It is recognized that thermal updrafts are probably more clearly defined and therefore relatively more important as transporting agents on these warm calm days than at other times where more general air movements may play the dominant role. 100 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 Continuous measurements of air currents around a peak coinci¬ dent with summit abundance of winged ants have not been made. The actual extent to which updrafts of various velocities might tend to carry ants of different sizes and flight powers likewise is not known although there is evidence, in abnormally high distibu- tion of scattered ant reproductives, that air currents can transport ants upwards for considerable distances. Wheeler (1917a, 1917b) suggested that in mountainous regions winged ants were frequently carried above the normal species range by air currents and that annual loss of such individuals in terms of potential colony estab¬ lishment might cause a considerable drain on certain species. It is not yet possible to completely evaluate the role of updraft air currents as they may relate to summit ant swarming. However, there are several indications, based both on the writer’s study on Squaw Peak, and on the data secured by others, that the ant swarms observed cannot be accounted for by air currents alone. Probably the main difficulty in explaining summit swarming entirely on the basis of air currents is the apparent localization of ant swarms, of all sizes, at the actual tops of mountains and ridges and frequently within small areas on the summits. The Squaw Peak pan collection data show a very clear preference for the actual summit. Moreover, concentrations within a small area were repeat¬ edly described by the lookout observers. There were far more op¬ portunities for these observers to notice the ant swarms at summits that at lower elevations due to the fact that almost all lookout stations are located on the highest points of mountains or ridges. However, it was specifically reported by several persons that areas below the summits were visited during periods of swarming, and it can be assumed that there were many more observations made away from the highest points during such times in view of the following points: 1) swarming was frequently reported to be of several days duration, 2) leave and activities such as trail main¬ tenance and transportation of water, for example, require that observers be away from the summit at times. Actually not a single person reported simultaneous swarming of ants at lower elevations and at summits. Lookout stations from which “tens of thousands” of ants were reported ranged from 2,600 feet to 11,030 feet in altitude and in¬ cluded bare rocky peaks, where thermal air currents might be expected to be fairly strong, and grassy or brush and forest covered April, 1954 ] CHAPMAN-ANTS 101 ridges and hills, where thermals are certainly not as well developed. It might be noted that in all but a few cases reported by fire lookout observers only one or two kinds of ants were seen to swarm at any one summit. Forel (1875, 1930) reported that swarms of Myrmica rubra, and of other species presumably, at times would form over standing men, roofs of houses, tall trees, church steeples, hill summits and even mountain tops and he recorded some summit mating activity for several species of ants. It is hard to believe that air currents alone would produce such large localized concentrations of ants and at sites such as some of the points mentioned by Forel, or reported by lookout observers, or the cairns on Squaw Peak. One would expect wind or updraft carried insects to be scattered along the approaches to distinct peaks and throughout the length of ridges, since there is certainly some eddying of air currents below or near the highest point in either case. As a matter of fact one could also expect that updraft currents strong enough to be a major factor in carrying insects would tend to transport them on up above and away from the ridgetops or peaks. It is interesting to note in this respect that several other types of insects tend to be more abundant on mountain peaks and summits than below such areas (Chapman, 1954). In summing up the consideration of air currents as the cause of summit abundance of winged ants it would seem that although such currents may play a role, a definite preference for the summits of ridges and mountains as swarming sites is shown by some ant species. It is hoped that future work may provide more specific informa¬ tion on distribution of various summit swarming species, on the fate of winged ants after swarming, including the extent of wing shedding by females, on the duration of swarming for various species, distances through which summit ants may travel and on a number of other phases of this phenomenon which are not well known at present. SUMMARY Information and observations on the swarming of winged ants on mountain summits were secured from persons stationed at summit fire lookout stations throughout mountainous regions of the western United States during the 1952 summer season. Some records from years prior to 1952 were also obtained. This data was 102 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 recorded for the most part on a form which proided for systematic recording of desired information, and is summarized, analyzed and discussed in this report. Studies of mountain top ant swarming were also made by the writer on an 8,000 foot mountain near Missoula, Montana. Insects were collected and observations made at intervals during the summer of 1952 and the resulting data presented and discussed. It is felt that the following conclusions are justified: 1. Swarming of winged ants of certain species at the very summits of peaks and ridges is a definite and fairly widespread phonomenon in many of the mountainous regions of the western United States. 2. Although it is not possible at present to accurately determine the role of updraft air currents in producing such swarms it is unlikely that updrafts are the only casual factor. 3. An instinctive tendency to seek such points as swarming sites is probably present in some ant species. Literature Cited Barrows, J. S. 1951. Fire behavior in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Missoula, Montana. Station Paper No. 29. Chapman, John A. 1954. Studies on summit-frequenting insects in western Montana. Ecol¬ ogy, 35 (1): 41-49. Emery, Carlo 1891. Zur Biologie der Ameisen. Biol. Centralblatt 11:165-180. Forel, A. 1875. Les fourmis de la Suisse. Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat. Vol. 26. Forel, A. 1930. The social world of the ants compared with that of man. 2 Vol. Trans. C. K. Ogden A. and C. Boni New York. Glick, P. A. 1939. The distribution of insects, spiders, and mites in the air. U. S. D. A. Tech. Bull. No. 673. Wheeler, W. M. 1910. Ants, their structure development and behavior. Columbia Uni¬ versity Press, New York. Wheeler, W. M. 1917a. Notes on the marriage flights of some Sonoran ants. Phyche 24:177-180. Wheeler, W. M. 1917b. The mountain ants of western North America. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 52(8) :457-569. April, 1954 ] EVANS-TASTIOTENIA 108 THE MALE OF TASTIOTENIA FESTIVA (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) Howard E. Evans Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. A few years ago I described an unusual new genus of pompilid wasps, Tastiotenia , based on two females, one from Needles, Cali¬ fornia, and one from Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico (1950, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 75:150). In the description a number of curious morphological features were pointed out, and the unique wing venation was described and figured. It was concluded that the genus apparently belonged to the tribe Pompilini, but that it must represent a relict of a very early type. I have awaited the discovery of the male of this genus with considerable anticipation. Fortu¬ nately I have not had to wait long, for an intrepid wasp-hunter, Dr. Paul D. Hurd, Jr., has recently collected a male Tastiotenia at Borego, San Diego County, Calif., May 2, 1952. Although differing in color from the female T. festiva, the difference is no greater than often occurs between the sexes in Pompilidae, and I feel cer¬ tain that it represents the male of this species. The male keys readily to Tastiotenia in my key to the Nearctic genera of Pompilini, and the wings are virtually identical with those figured. The male possesses all the unusual features of the female plus a few of its own, notably the flattened and somewhat expanded hind basitarsus and tibial spurs, and the oddly shaped last antennal segment. The terminalia, however, are remarkably conventional, and on the basis of these alone one might easily place festiva in the genus Pompilus , in fact close to phoenix. It is difficult to believe that these resemblances are more than coincidental. However, the placing of Tastiotenia in the Pompilini seems thoroughly justified on the basis of the genitalic structures. Description of male .—Length 4.5 nun.; fore wing 3.8 mm. Posterior mar¬ gin of pronotum with a prominent ivory-white stripe, including the posterior lobes, and the apical abdominal tergite with a large white spot; posterior femora bright rufo-ferruginous, dusky at base and apex; apical half of man¬ dibles rufous; color otherwise black. Wings hyaline, the apical fourth of the fore wings lightly banded with brownish. Body clothed with a somewhat coarse silvery pubescence, more, dense and suberect on the propodeum; pubescence grading into brownish on the extremities of the legs. Mandibles with a single strong tooth on the inner margin. Clypeus 3.5 times as broad as high, the apical margin broadly, weakly concave. Malar space extremely short. Front very broad, the middle interocular distance .66 times the trans- facial distance: inner orbits approximately parallel, the upper and lower 104 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 interocular distances about equal. Ocelli rather widely separated on the broad vertex, forming a right angle in front; postocellar and ocello-ocular distances about equal. Vertex elevated in a low, even arc above the eye-tops. Antennae short; first four segments in a ratio of about 17:9:8:10, the third segment thus actually shorter than the pedicel, and only very slightly longer than thick; outer flagellar segments (7-12) approximately as long as their greatest thickness; apical segment about 1.5 times as long as thick, its apex abruptly, obliquely flattened. Pronotum, short, its posterior margin feebly angulate. Scutellum very prominent; postnotum approximately as wide as the metanotum, distinctly impressed medially. Propodeum without a well- defined posterior rim. Legs feebly spinose; femora with one or two minute spines near the apex; middle and hind tibiae and tarsi with scattered very small spines. Hind coxae large, about 1.5 times as long as the middle coxae. Hind tarsus compressed, the basal segments somewhat expanded; basitarsus considerably broader than the tibia at its base; longer spur of hind tibia broadened and flattened, narrowly fusiform (shorter spur of hind tibia want¬ ing in this specimen). Tarsal claws feebly dentate. Wings as described and figured for the female in the original description. Abdomen short and rela¬ tively stout, the dorsum somewhat flattened, the sides rather flat and con¬ verging below, the abdomen in cross-section therefore somewhat trigonal. Sixth sternite deeply emarginate apically, without special modifications. Subgenital plate (fig. 2) with the median line roundly elevated, the apex narrowly rounded and the margin beset with stout spines, except the extreme apex with only weak setae. Genitalia (fig. 1) with the parameres very slender, clothed with short setae on the apical two-thirds; volsellae with the digiti broadly expanded apically and clothed with short setae; basal hooklets double; aedoeagus with a broad fan-shaped apical expansion. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Figure 1—Male genitalia of Tastiotenia festiva Evans, ventral aspect on left side, dorsal on right. Figure 2—Subgenital plate, ventral aspect. April, 1954 ] CHANDLER-DOBSONFLIES 105 FOUR NEW SPECIES OF DOBSONFLIES FROM CALIFORNIA (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) Harry P. Chandler California Department of Fish and Game , Red Bluff , California Two of the species were suspected of being new when they were first collected in 1946 along with another new species which is being described elsewhere by a student who has worked out its life history. The other two species described here were discovered while working over the California Insect Survey and California Academy of Sciences collections during the preparation of the section on California Megaloptera for a book on the aquatic insects of California to be published by the University of California. There are still several undescribed species or subspecies in the west, but the author prefers not to describe them at this time be¬ cause the picture of their speciation and distribution is not clear at present. Since the Nearctic species of this group were last keyed by Davis in 1903, the number of described species has doubled; and from the species included in Chauliodes have been separated four other genera. Van der Weele’s world revision in 1910 threw considerable light on the generic picture but com¬ pletely confused the species by placing in synonymy about half of the valid Nearctic species. In view of this, the author plans to revise the Nearctic Corydalidae in the near future. Dysmicohermes ingens Chandler, new species Holotype male: Alar expanse 122 mm.; body predominantly testaceous brown, sparsely covered with conspicuous long, silky hair. Head rufous, coarsely and closely punctate, except for smooth raised area on vertex; labrum transverse elyptical; clypeus smooth but otherwise poorly differen¬ tiated from front, apex straight, angled at sides and nearly straight to margin of eye. Antennae with 52 segments, filiform, relatively short, length about three times width of head, each segment a little longer than wide, covered with short microscopic pile, and sprinkled with short, depressed spines about % as long as segment. Ocelli parallel with outer margin of antennae, middle ocellus less convex, 4/5 as wide as lateral ocelli, ocelli separated from an¬ tennae by about own width, middle ocellus separated from lateral ocelli by width of latter, lateral ocelli more widely separated from each other; cheeks of head parallel a little distance behind prominent eyes; mandibles mostly concealed when closed. Pronotum with sides nearly parallel, slightly con¬ vergent anteriorly, faintly alutaceous with fine punctures, covered with a short sparse pubescence. IVings (fig. 5), slightly translucent, stimga more so; veins brownish, not conspicuously variegated; fore wing with translucent brown spots, with slight tendency to be arranged along the veins, spots quite small except near the basal 1/5 and 2/5 of the wing where they form two 106 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 indistinct transverse bands. Hind wings more faintly spotted basally and posteriorly, none behind the cubitus. Radial sector with seven branches reaching margin, media two-branched in fore wing and four-branched in hind wing; cubitus three-branched. Fore wing with base of 1st anal conspicuously raised and covered by most pronounced black spot on wing; anterior branch of 2nd anal vein connected to the first anal by a cross vein which forms end of 1st anal cell, posterior branch of 2nd anal vein forming end of 2nd anal cell. Genitalia (figs. 3, 4), cerci with a deep cleft between the upper and lower lobes, reaching more than half way to base or nearly to convex pitted area on the lateral dorsal side near the base, anterior margin on ventral lateral side with deep emargination partially filled by base of an elongate osmeterium-like eversible membranous tube which may be withdrawn into the body, length of tube is about 2.5 times the width of the genital capsule, tube tapering to a point. Allotype female: Alar expanse 160 mm.; very similar to male but larger. Genitalia; valves of ovipositor with convex pitted area near base, upper lobe short, lower lobe 2 1 / 2 times as long, narrowed to middle. Holotype, Miami Ranger Station, Mariposa County, Cali¬ fornia, 27 July 1946, elev. 5,000 feet (H. P. Chandler). Allotype, same data as holotype. Six paratypes are from the same locality and collected by H. P. Chandler in 1946 except as noted; cf, 29 June, cf, 6 July; 2cT cT, 21 July; cf, 23 July; $, 29 July 1946 (T. O. Thatcher). One $ paratype from Sequoia Nat. Park, California and one $ from San Bernardino County, 1916, “Viggo Tarp.” Holotype and allotype in the California Academy of Sciences col¬ lection. Paratypes in the California Insect Survey collection, Los Angeles County Museum, Museum of Comparative Zoology and the author’s collection. This species is closely related to D. disjunctus (Walker). The shape and venation of the wings are almost identical, but the coloration is different. In D. disjunctus the spots are larger, more intense and the membrane more hyaline, the head is less strongly punctured and more rugose, the ocelli a little smaller and the tranverse depression behind the eyes less pronounced, the four, medial, basal, raised areas on the vertex are separated by a medial and transverse groove of even width so as to form a nearly perfect cross. The genitalia as figured by Munroe (1953), while very similar in type is different in almost every detail. With the possible exception of Acanthacorydalis which is found in the Orient, D. ingens has a larger wing spread than any other species in the order Megaloptera. All except two specimens of D. ingens listed above were taken April, 1954 ] CHANDLER-DOBSONFLIES 107 in the summer of 1946 when the University of California entomol¬ ogy field class used the U. S. Forest Service insect laboratory at Miami Ranger Station just five miles south of Yosemite National Park. Most of the specimens were taken around a light trap that was operated part of the time. They were rarely taken in the trap or seen fluttering about it but were found at rest on some object near by. Apparently they came from a small stream that passed the camp on its way down the side of the canyon. Dr. Struble, one of the laboratory staff, on his way to work one morning, found a cast pupal skin about 20 feet from the stream. Knowing my interest in the adults, he located, about 6 inches away in the bank, the hole from which it had emerged. No larvae were ever taken. Dysmicohermes crepusculus Chandler, new species Holotype male; alar expanse 84 mm.; body color dark brown to pale, long hair very sparse and inconspicuous. Head dark brown to rufous with mouth parts and adjacent areas pale, except for black tip of mandibles; dorsal surface of head from clypeus to behind ocelli wrinkled and with microsculpture of short parallel ridges, from the eyes posteriorly micro¬ sculpture is more rugose with close set short, depressed hairs; smooth areas of vertex faintly alutaceous, scarsely raised or even slightly depressed. Lab- rum narrowly transverse, anterior margin straight with small emargination at middle, front marginated anteriorly with pale color, clypeus very narrow, depressed and smooth. Antennae about 3 times as long as width of head, fuscous brown, 35 segments, filiform tapering to end except basal segment which is nearly twice as wide as next few segments, segments about 3 times as long as wide, spinkled with short distally inclined spines 1/3 width of segment, micropile scarsely detectable on the basal segments. Outer margin of ocelli parallel with inner margin of antennae, ocelli separated from each other by width of lateral ocelli which are a little smaller, separated from antennae by 1.3 times width of median ocellus, diagonal ridge separating depressed area around ocelli from eyes. Mandibles mostly concealed when closed. Pronotum with sides slightly concave, a little wider anteriorly, color brown with anterior pale collar tapering to point at each side, microsculpture alutaceous, tending to short parallel ridges posteriorly and laterally; devoid of long pubescence, only a few short hairs near anterior and posterior mar¬ gin. Wings (fig. 6), translucent; veins pale, not conspicuously variegated, both wings except anal area of hind wing spotted with moderate to small fuscous spots with slight tendency to form one or two transverse bands. Base of first anal of anterior wing moderately raised without entire raised area black. Costal area of fore wing widest at basal where it is wider than other cells of wing. Radial sector with seven branches reaching margin, R a forked beyond its middle; media two-branched in fore wing and three- branched in hind wing, cubitus with three branches reaching margin. An¬ terior branch of second anal vein connected to first anal vein by cross vein 108 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 only, which forms end of first anal cell, posterior branch of second anal vein forming end of second anal cell. Genitalia (figs. 1, 2) : eerci very short, upper and lower lobes represented by slight protuberances separated by a horizontal groove around end of cerci, ending near base of convex punctate area, eversible parallel-sided membranous tube three times as long as width of genital capsule, located on each side anterior to and below cerci. Allotype female: alar expanse 106 mm.; generally similar to male except that sculpture and proportions of head are slightly different; white collar of pronotum less distinct; genital valves with upper and lower lobes barely projecting beyond convex pitted area which occupies most of side. Holotype, Pyramid Ranger Station, Eldorado County, California, 20 Aug. 1952 (J. W. MacSwain) ; allotype, 2 mi. S.W. Miami Ranger Station (Girl Scout Camp, N. Fk. Fresno River), Mariposa County, California, 25 July 1946, elev. 5,000 feet (H. P. Chandler). Twenty-seven paratypes from California and one from Oregon as follows: Mono Co.: 9 , Convict Cr. Ex¬ perimental Sta., 12 Aug. 1953, elev. 7,200 (I. La Rivers); Mari¬ posa Co.: 9 , 2 mi. SW. Miami R. S., July 1946 cf & 9 ? Girl Scout Camp, N. Fk. Fresno River, July 1953, elev. 5,000 (Girl Scouts); 9 , Nevada Falls, 29 July 1946, elev. 5,950 feet (H. P. Chandler) ; 9 , Yosenrite, Aug. 1935 (E. S. Ross) ; Nevada Co.: cf, Grass Yalley, July 1942 (L. Bwd.) ; Sierra Co.: cf, Goodyear Creek, 10 July 1921 (E. H. Nast) ; Plumas Co.: cf, 4 mi. W. Quincy, 26 June 1949 (J. W. MacSwain) ; Butte Co.: cf, Chico, 23 July 1951 (Ber- riman); Shasta Co.: cf, Burney Creek Hatchery, 15 July 1947 (D. W. Adams); Siskiyou Co.: cf, Dunsmuir, 30 June 1934 (G. H. & J. L. Sperry); 3 cf cf S. Fk. Sacramento River, 6 Aug. 1953 (H. P. Chandler) ; Colusa Co.: 11 cf cf, 3 99 , Paradise Creek, 23 July 1953, elev. 2,400 (H. P. Chandler) ; Lake Co.: cf, Anderson Springs, 12 July 1953 (W. R. Bauer) ; and one cf collected by Behrens, who died in 1898, labeled “Francisco.” Oregon, Marion Co.: cf, Breitenbush Hot Springs, 5 July 1934, elev. 2,222 feet (H. A. Scullen). The holotype and allotype will be placed in the California Academy of Science collection; paratypes in the Cali- EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Fig. 1. Dysmicoherm.es crepusculus . lateral view of male genitalia. Fig. 2. Ventral view of the same. Fig. 3. D. ingens, lateral view of male genitalia. Fig. 4. Ventral view of the same. Fig. 5. Wings of D. ingens. Fig. 6. Wings of D. crepusculus. Fig. 7. Protochauliod.es simplus, ventral view of tip of aedeagus. Fig. 8. P. simplus, lateral view of cerci. Fig. 9. P. montivagus, lateral view of cerci. Fig. 10. P. montivagus, ventral view of tip of aedeagus. April, 1954] CHANDLER-DOBSONFLIES 110 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 fornia Insect Survey collection, Illinois Natural History Survey collection, Chico State Teachers College collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology and the author’s collection. This species is provisionally placed in Dysmichohermes but is not closely related to either D. disjunctus or D. ingens. From these two species it is most easily separated by its smaller size, the wide costal area of the fore wing, the hind wing with three branches of the media reaching the margin, and the genitalia. There is some variation in the specimens studied but it is difficult to de¬ scribe. The number of segments in the antennae range from 35 to 47, seeming to be a little more numerous but shorter in the female. The antennae of the males were usually about 2.9 times as long as the width of the head, while those of the female were only about 2.2 times. The alar expanse in the males ranged from 67 mm. to 98 mm. while that of the females ranged from 100 to 108 mm. Other variations were noted, especially in the proportions and sculpturing of the head. The latter seemed a little more pronounced in the female. Protochauliodes simplus Chandler, new species Holotype male: Alai' expanse 78 mm.; general body color fuscous with lighter markings, body with little hair except ventrally. Head fuscous brown, pale in front of antennae. Labrum with sides rounded, slightly emarginate medially. Antennae brown, 4 1 /, times longer than width of basal segments. Ocelli large, median slightly smaller but as wide as front between antennae, only about 1/3 its width from antennae, lateral ocelli separated from eyes and median ocelli by own width, vertex behind ocelli not depressed but evenly rounded from side to side, smooth areas alutaceous, not conspicuously raised or darker, rest of vertex very finely rugose. Wings slightly translucent with many small, smoky spots with a tendency to be arranged along sides of veins and a few larger opaque spots along the anterior margin; fore wing with a larger spot covering the first medio cubital cross vein; hind wings with spots restricted to apical portion. R 4 + 5 unbranched, R 2 and R 3 forked at apical third, R 3 without cross vein between its two branches; anterior branch of second anal vein stalking with first anal for a short distance, so that latter appears three branched. Genitalia: cerci (fig. 8), somewhat dorso- ventrally flattened basally; aedeagus (fig. 7), nearly flat. Holotype , Tanbark Flat, San Dimas Experimental Forest, Los Angeles County, California, 13 July 1950 (J. D. Paschke). Ten paratypes, all males, were collected from the same locality by A. T. MaClay (6), S. Miyagawa (2), E. G. Linsley (1) and D. E. Barcus (1) on July 7 (1), 12 (1), 17 (1), 18 (1), 22 (2), 23 (4), 1952. The holotypes will be placed in the California Academy April, 1954 ] CHANDLER—DOBSONFLIES 111 of Sciences collection with paratypes in the California Insect Sur¬ vey collection, University of California collection at Davis, Los Angeles County Museum and the author’s collection. This species is related to P. infuscatus and P. minimus. The v/ing veination and body form of the species in this group are re¬ markably constant and sometimes the difference between species is less than individual variation within the species. Except that infuscatus is black and minimus is usually smaller, the only sure way of separating the species is by examining the genitalia. Protochauliodes montivagus Chandler, new species Holotype male: alar expanse 72 mm.; description similar to that of P. simplus except as noted. Lateral ocelli more than own width from eyes; smooth areas raised a little, rest of vertex with microsculpture of short parallel ridges. Wings with opaque spots more restricted, outer half of hind wing faintly potted. Genitalia: cerci (fig. 8), short and stubby, as wide at apex as at base as viewed from side; aedeagus (fig. 10), flat, only the tip chitinized ventrally. Holotype from St. Charles Hill, Sierra County, California, 7 July 1921 (E. H. Nast collector). Three paratypes , all males, from Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif., 25 July 1952 (Don Richtor) ; Quincy, 4 mi. W., Plumas Co., Calif., 2 July 1949 (R. L. Lang¬ ston) ; and Lake Vernon, Yosemite, Calif., 25 July 1937 (E. Herald). The holotype will be placed in the California Academy of Sciences collection. Paratypes will be placed in the University of California collection at Davis, Los Angeles County Museum and the author’s collection. Literature Cited Davis, K. C. 1903. Sialidae of North and South America. New York State Museum Bull. 68: 442-486, pis. 51, 52. Munroe, E. G. 1951. The identity and generic position of Chauliodes disjunctus Walker (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), Canadian Ent., 83(2): 33-35, 3 text figs. Munroe, E. G. 1953. Chauliodes disjunctus Walker: a correction, with the description of a new species and a new genus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Canadian Ent., 85(5): 190-192, 4 text figs. Weele, H. W. van der 1910. Megaloptera, Catalogue systematique et descriptif. Coll. Zool. Selys Longchamps, Brussels. Fasc. 5: 1-93, 70 text figs., 4 pis. 112 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 MODIFIED FLAG FOR TICK COLLECTING During two seasons of tick collecting the author noted three small cumulative disadvantages in the standard flagging method, when collecting ticks among low grasses and weeds, with few trees and bushes present. These were: (1) difficulty in obtaining maxi¬ mum coverage of the flora because the flag was usually at an angle to the ground; (2) difficulty in prevention of flapping by moderate winds, and (3) inconvenience to the collector who was required to bend sharply in order to hold the flags close to the low vegetation. To overcome these drawbacks, a flag was attached to a 3-ft. equilateral triangle with the 6-in. handle at the apex, and the muslin flag at the base. Each side was made of 3/16 in. steel wire, with half of a threaded bolt tip welded to each of the two ends which come together to form a handle attachment. To make the instrument more compact, the handle was made removable and the sides con¬ sequently folding, permitting one to wrap the handle and sides, together with the base, in the muslin. In use, the flag can be (1) held in front, which permits tick collecting before the operator can jar or otherwise dislodge the arthropods, (2) pulled behind as a drag cloth, and (3) pulled beside the collector, on either side. Also, the flag is easily held parallel to the surface to be collected, assuring thorough coverage; because the instrument is easily controlled, slight movements by the collector can prevent undue flapping, even in moderately high winds, and there is a minimum of inconvenience to the collector. Though adapted for low vegetation, this instrument will work equally well on bushes and trees. —W. Peter Horen, San Anselmo, California. RANGE EXTENSION OF NOTONECTA SHOOTERI (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) I collected two specimens of Notonecta shooteri Uhler at Port Orford, Curry County, in a stream on July 7, 1951, and an ad¬ ditional three specimens three days later at Charleston, Coos County, in a pond. Both localities are located on Oregon coast. Marin County in California represented former northernmost records of this species. — Borys Malkin, University of Washington, Seattle. April, 1954] TODD-NERTHRA 113 NEW SPECIES OF NERTHRA FROM CALIFORNIA (Hempitera: Gelastocoridae) E. L. Todd Entomology Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service U. S. Department of Agriculture During the course of a taxonomic revision of the family Gelasto¬ coridae (Hemiptera), it was discovered that the genera Nerthra Say and Mononyx Laporte are congeneric. As Nerthra was de¬ scribed early in 1832 and Mononyx not until 1833 1 , the former has priority and should be used as the generic name for those species formerly placed in the genus Mononyx. For many years Nerthra fuscipes (Guerin-Meneville) has been reported from California, but these reports were misidentifications of a new species that occurs in the southern part of this state. A second neiv species has recently been collected in the vicinity of Parker Dam, San Bernardino County, California, by Doctor R. L. Usinger and Mr. Jack Lattin. The descriptions of these two species are presented at this time so that the names will be available for use in a faunal work. Nerthra martini Todd, new species Referring to this species: 1876. Mononyx badius Herrich-Schaffer; Uhler, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 336-337. 1894. Mononyx stygicus (Say) ; Uhler, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. IV, pp. 290-291. 1917. Mononyx fuscipes Guerin-Meneville; Van Duzee, Catalogue of Hemip¬ tera, Univ. of California Publ., p. 474. Size. Male: Length, 7.0 to 7.6 mm.; width of pronotum, 4.5 to 4.8 mm.; width of abdomen, 4.5 to 5.0 mm. Female: Length, 7.8 to 8.8 mm.; width of pronotum, 4.8 to 5.3 mm.; width of abdomen, 5.0 to 5.8 mm. Color varying from a yellowish-brown to black, generally a brown or reddish-brown. A whitish spot on each hemelytron mesad of the junction of the embolial and nodal sutures. In the hlack specimens the posterior third of the pronotum is generally spotted with pale yellow or white, Ventrally slightly lighter than dorsally; front femur uniform brown, intermediate legs light brown ringed with dark brown areas which may be faint in some specimens; last three abdominal segments lighter than rest of abdomen; connexivum with pos¬ terior third of each segment yellowish, anterior two-thirds dark. A few specimens examined were uniformly reddish-brown above and with a lighter marginal band ventrally which extended the entire length of the abdomen. Structural Characteristics. Apex of the head pointedly projecting with a pair of rather sharp-pointed tubercles at the tip, sometimes these tubercles 1 Harris, H. M., Pan-Pacific Entomologist, Vol. 18 , No. 1 , pp. 161 - 162 , 1942 ; shows that Laporte's paper did not appear in 1832 as s usually given. 114 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 are rather rudimentary; superapical tubercles present. Pronotum not very dilated laterally; lateral edge nearly straight, occasionally weakly sinuous at middle; lateral edge conspicuously converging anteriorly; posterior mar¬ gin sinuated before scutellum. Pronotum at greatest width not as wide as abdomen in either sex. Scutellum broad, rather large, with slight tumescence on either side, mesad of which of are faint rounded depressions. Body sparsely covered with very small bristles, those on the scutellum being slightly clavate. Hemelytra well-developed extending beyond the apex of the abdomen. Lateral margin of the embolium nearly straight, not dilated. Con- nexivum barely visible from a dorsal view in the male, quite prominent in the female because the posterior abdominal segments are greatly dilated laterally. Last abdominal segment of the male rather large, over half as wide as the eighth abdominal segment, slightly longer than seventh or eighth abdominal segments, asymmetrical. Ventral abdominal segments of female asymmetrical; posterior margin of last abdominal segment more or less pointedly notched; a moderate tumescence on the left side, a faint tumes¬ cence on the right side of the last abdominal segment; a deep, elongate, transverse depression extending along the anterior margin of the last abdom¬ inal segment from the median line of the abdomen to the tumescence on the left side. Clasper of male (fig. 1) swollen apically; a weak process on the lateral surface and another on the dorsal surface; aedeagal furrow visible on the apical half of the ventral surface. Holotype male, allotype female, 24 male and two female para- types. Los Pensaguitos Creek, San Diego County, California, April 8, 1930, C. H. Martin, in the Francis Huntington Snow Entomological Collection at the University of Kansas. One male and one female paratypes, San Felipe Creek, California, April 14, 1935, C. E. Norland, (Usinger Collection). One male and one female paratypes, Los Angeles County, California, no date, Coquil- lett, (U. S. Nat. Museum). One male and one female paratypes, Riverside, California, March 2, 1927, T. Craig, (California Acad¬ emy of Sciences). In addition to the type series, the writer has seen specimens from the following localities: California. Afton Canyon, San Bernardino County, July 17, 1931, R. E. Blackwelder, 1 male, (California Acad. Sci.) ; Ardeou, Dec. 25, 1915, J. C. Martin, 1 female, (California Acad. Sci.) ; Frenchman Flats, Tehachapi, April 8, 1951, R. L. Usinger, 1 female, (Usinger Collection) ; Los Angeles, no date, P. R. Uhler, 1 male, (U. S. Nat. Museum) ; Palm Canyon, April 15, 1916, J. 0. Martin, 1 male, (California Acad. Sci.) ; Palm Springs, Riv¬ erside County, April 3, 1925, E. C. Van Dyke, 1 male, (California Acad. Sci.); same place, Jan. 3, 1929, Van Dyke, 1 female, (Univ. of Kansas Coll.); same place, Aug. 2, Hubbard, 1 female, (U. S'. Nat. Museum); Panamint Valley, April 1891, C. V. Riley, 2 females, (U. S. Nat. Museum); Pico, March 7, 1916, J. 0. Martin, 1 male and 1 female, (California Acad. April, 1954 ] TODD—NERTHRA 115 Sci.) ; Pine Valley, July 27, 1938, R. I. Sailer, 1 female, (Univ. of Kansas Coll.) ; Santa Ana Canyon, July 12, 1931, C. H. Martin, 7 males and 3 females, (Univ. of Kansas Coll) ; Sierra Madre, June 7, 1930, C. H. Hicks, 2 males, (Phila. Actd. Sci.) ; Sierra Nevada Mountains, no date, P. R. Uhler, 1 male, (U. S. Nat. Museum). Nevada. Warm Springs, Clark County, April 7, 1950, L. A. Rivers and V. K. Johnson, 2 males (California Acad. Sci. and Usinger Coll.). Arizona. “Ariz.”, no date, P. R. Uhler, 1 male, (U. S. Nat. Museum) ; “Ariz.”, no date, C. F. Baker, 1 male and 1 female, (U. S'. Nat. Museum). Baja California. Big Cyn., Sierra Laguna, Oct. 13, 1941, Ross and Bohart, 2 males and 2 females, (California Acad. Sci.) ; Catavin, June 19, 1938, Michelbacher and Ross, 1 male, (California Acad. Sci.): Las Animas, Sierra Laguna, Oct. 12, 1941, Ross and Bohart, 1 male and 2 females, (Cali- /ornia Acad. Sci.); Las Parras, Oct. 1925, W. M. Mann, 1 male, (U. S. Nat. Museum) ; Loreto, Feb., 1923, W. M. Mann, 2 males and 3 females, (U. S. Nat. Museum) ; 19 mi. E. Rosario, June 17, 1938, Michelbacher and Ross, 3 males, (California Acad. Sci.) ; “L. Cal.”, no date, P. R. Uhler, 1 male, (U. S. Nat. Museum). Georgia. (?) Daytono, July 9, 1926, J. R. Delano, 2 females, (Phila. Acad. Sci.). ('labeled Dayton, Ga.). FIG. 4 N. STYGICA SAY EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Figs. 1-4, males, claspers. Figs. 5-6, females, apical abdominal sternites. 2 I have not been able to locate a Dayton, Georgia, a Dayton, California, or a Dayton, Guatemala. 116 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 This species is very closely related to Nerthra mexicana (Melin) and to N. stygica Say. It is separated from the former species by the narow pronotum, slightly larger size, the notch of the posterior margin of the last abdominal segment of the female being rather pointed at the anLerior end (figs. 5 and 6) and by the shape of the clasper of the male (figs. 1 and 3). It differs from N. stygica Say in that it has separate hemelytra with well-developed membranes, the emargination of the last abdominal segment of the female slightly more pointed anteriorly, and in the shape of the male genitalia (figs. 1 and 4). This species is named after Doctor C. H. Martin, who studied the genus Gelastocoris and who collected the types located in the Francis Huntington Snow Entomological Collection. Nerthra usingeri Todd, new species Size. Male: Length, 6.4 to 6.8 mm.; width of pronotum, 4.5 mm.; width of abdomen, 4.4 to 4.5 mm. Female: Length, 7.1 to 7.7 mm.; width of pro¬ notum, 4.8 to 5.0 mm.; width of abdomen, 4.7 to 5.0 mm. Color. General over¬ all color yellowish-brown to dark brown nearly black. Some specimens have the dorsal surface mottled with black and yellowish-brown. Ventrally slightly lighter in color than on the dorsal surface; front femora are brown, darkest basad, intermediate and hind legs yellowish-brown with dark brown rings. Abdominal segments, both above and below have light yellowish spots at the latero-caudal angles of each segment. Structural characteristics. Apex of head pointedly projecting, usually with a pair of sharp-pointed tubercles, all are variable in size. Pronotum with the lateral margins more or less rounded, converging anteriorly and posteriroly; widest level with the trans¬ verse furrow; posterior margin deeply sinuated at the middle before the scutellum. Scutellum large, not strongly elevated. Hemelytra with well- developed membranes, extending to or beyond the end of the abdomen; lateral margins of the embolia nearly straight for the basal half then gently curving medially. Connexivum visible to the width of pronotum. Bristles very small, short, peg-like, sparsely distributed over the body. Abdominal segments of the male asymmetrical; ninth abdominal segment small, oval, wider than long, slightly longer than eighth segment; seventh abdominal segment spatulate on right side, posterior margin of spatula flat. Ventral abdominal segments of female asymmetrical; posterior margin of last abdominal segment roundly emarginated (like N. mexicana [Melin], see fig. 6), a moderate tumescence on the left side, a faint tumescence on the right side of the last abdominal segment; a deep, elongate, transverse depres¬ sion extending along the anterior margin of the last abdominal segment from the median line of the abdomen to the tumescence on the left side. Clasper of male (fig. 2), very distinctive, broad and flattened apically, widest near apex; aedeagal furrow visible on apical half of ventral surface, terminating before reaching apex; clasper flattened in an oblique dorso-ventral plane. April, 1954 ] HELFER—HIPPOMELAS 117 Holotype male, near Parker Dam, California, April 12, 1952, R. L. Usinger, and allotype female, wash 3.5 mi. N, Cross Roads, California, April 12, 1952, J. D. Lattin, in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences at San Francisco. One male and five female paratypes, wash 3.5 mi. N. Cross Roads, California, April 12, 1952, J. D. Lattin, in the R. L. Usinger Collection at the University of California. One male and one female paratypes, same data, in the personal collection of Mr. Lattin. The difference in the locality of the holotype and the remainder of the specimens examined is merely a difference on the part of the two collectors in labelling the specimens. These data represent the same locality. Closely related to Nerthra stygica Say, N. mexicana (Melin) and N. martini Todd. This species may be separated from N. stygica by the fact that the hemelytra are normal with well-developed mem¬ branes. The distinctive clasper of the male I fig 2) will separate this species from the males of N. mexicana (Melin (fig. 3) and N. martini Todd (fig. 1). The females of this species differ from the females of N. martini Todd in that the emargination of the last ventral abdominal segment is broadly rounded. To the knowledge of the writer it may only be separated from females of N. mexicana (Melin) by distribution. A NEW HIPPOMELAS FROM CALIFORNIA (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Jacques R. Helper Mendocino , California Hippomelas dianae Heifer, new species Holotype male elongate, subcuneate; aeneoviridis above and beneath; pubescence short, white, moderately dense; intervals of elytra sparsely efflo¬ rescent. Head moderately, coarsely, irregularly setopunctuate; eyes rather prominent; antennae inserted under conspicuous oblique ridges, eleven seg¬ mented, scape long, second segment slightly longer than broad, third segment much longer than second, serrate from fourth segment, segments four through eleven each with an area of sensory pores along outer edge, and with an intero-terminal sensory fossa, terminal segment with a distinct appendix; clypeous angularly,, not deeply emarginate; labrum bilobate, testaceous, pale. Pronotum broadest at base with front margin broadly arcuate, sides broadly 118 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 rounded past middle becoming sinuate to basal angles which are prominent, base narrowly sinuate at middle and more broadly sinuate at either side, coarsely, irregularly setopunctate with a few irregular levigated spaces. Scutellum small, rounded, depressed anteriorly. Elytra broadest at base, nar¬ rowing gradually to apical third, then more strongly and becoming serrate to apices which are bidentate, each elytron with five feeble costae; rather densely, finely, shallowly setopunctate. Prosternal spine punctate at middle between coxae but impunctate toward sides and tip, with a strong juxtacoxal submarginal setopunctate stria. Mesosternum divided for reception of tip of prosternal spine, meso-metasternal suture scarcely evident. Metacoxal plates cut off externally by a lateral lobe of the abdomen. Abdomen with suture between first and second segments distinct, posterior margin of third segment strongly angulate toward sides; entire surface rather densely, shallowly, irregularly setopunctate; last segment truncate at tip, incised at each side, with a feeble transverse subapical plate. Forelegs with tibiae curved, strongly margined below ,and denticulate internally, tarsi of all legs long and slender. Genitalia dark in color, rather short, with adeagus evenly narrowed and acute, parameres broadest at about two-thirds from their base, with margins rather gradually curving, not lyrate. Length 13 mm., width 4 mm. Allotype female similar in all respects except larger, length 16.5 mm., width 6 mm., protibiae not denticulate internally, and posterior margins of abdominal segments two, three, and four irregularly dentate laterally. Apical segment of abdomen largely obscured by dense efflorescence. Holotype, allotype, and some hundreds of additional specimens, many of them designated as paratypes, collected at Palm Springs and Whitewater, Riverside County, California, mostly in July, by J. 0. Martin, E. C. Van Dyke, P. D. Hurd, J. W. MacSwain, and others. They were consistently taken from Ephedra. Also several specimens from other desert localities which are doubtless the same species but which I have not designated as paratypes. Additional large series exist, in the collection of the University of California at Davis, etc. Type material deposited in California Academy of Science, principal series in California Academy of Sciences and the California Insect Survey, University of California. The male genitalia easily distinguish this species from Hippo- melas planicosta and H. ohliterata with which it has been confused in collections. Some specimens are considerably darker in color than the types, some (fresh specimens) densely efflorescent above, some with a faint cupreous shine. The smallest male is 11.25 mm. long, the largest female 17.5 mm. long. I take pleasure in dedicating this interesting species to my wife Diane. April, 1954 ] FURMAN—ANDROLAELAPS 119 A NEW SPECIES OF ANDROLAELAPS FROM PEROGNATHUS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (Acarina: Laelaptidae) Deane P. Furman University of California , Berkeley The new species of mite described in this paper represents the seventeenth species recognized in the genus Androlaelaps Berlese 1903. Of these, eight are known only from Africa (Zumpt and Patterson 1950, Zumpt 1950), where they are found principally on rodents of the families Muridae and Cricetidae. Two species, A. hermaphrodita (Berl.) and A. karawaieni (Berl.), were described from ant nests in Italy and Russia respectively, although the for¬ mer species has been recorded recently by Turk (1946) from the nest of Apodemus in Ireland. A. sardous is also known from Apodemus in Sardinia. A. impensus Eads 1952 is known only from a collection of bulbs of Liliurn shipped from Japan. The remaining five species of Androlaelaps have been taken in the nearctic and neotropical realms on rodents of the families Muridae, Cricetidae and Hetero- myidae. The new species described here is the third one known from hosts of the genus Perognathus. Androlaelaps is closely related to the genus Hypoaspis Cane- strini 1885, from which it is separable by the enlarged second pair of legs with calcarate femora in both sexes. The chelicerae of the female are shear-like, provided with a few teeth and a seta on the fixed digit. The coxae are unarmed, bearing neither ventral spurs nor stout spines. The genito-ventral plate of the female bears a single pair of setae. In the male the holoventral plate may be fused with or free from the anal plate. The dorsal plate is undivided. Key to Females of the American Species of Androlaelaps 1. Femoral spur of leg II with pronounced teeth. Expanded portion of genito-ventral plate not wider than space between coxae IV 2 — Femoral spur of leg II smooth. Expanded portion of genito- ventral plate much wider than space between coxae IV . . . 3 2. Second pair of sternal plate setae overlapping bases ol meta- sternal setae. Many ventral and dorsal setae long and sinuous. . sinuosa, Furman, new species — Second pair of sternal plate setae barely overlapping bases of third sternal plate setae Body setae not long and sinuous . . . . grandiculatus Eads, 1951 3. Tarsus II with stout apical spines. leviculus Eads 1951 — Tarsus II without stout apical spines. 4 120 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 4. Genito-ventral plate almost reaching anal plate. Sternal plate with slightly concave posterior margin. setosus Fox 1946 — Genito-ventral plate separated from anal plate by distance of over one-half the anal plate length. Sternal plate with truncate caudal margin. johnstoni Eads and Hightower 1951 Androlaelaps sinuosa Furman, new species Female.—A large mite, measuring 1.179 mm, long, exclusive of gnatho- soma, by 0.823 mm. wide. Shape broadly oval, with slight, shoulders. Dorsal plate covering most of width of dorsum but leaving unarmed the posterior tip of the opisthosoma; cephalic end of plate heavily solerotized and deflexed. Thirty-five pairs of setae on dorsal plate, characteristically long (up to 230 microns) and sinuous. Venter —Presternal area indistinctly reticulate. Sternal plate widened posteriorly with concave margins measuring at narrowest points 114 microns long by 205 microns wide, lightly reticulate; sternal setae long and sinuate, anterior pair approximately 160 microns long arising from anterior margin of plate, second and third pairs 230 microns in length. Metasternal and genital setae sinuous, subequal to posterior sternal plate setae. Genito-ventral plate gently flask shaped, small, widely separated from anal plate. Flanking the genito-ventral plate two pairs of small narrow plates; two pairs of small metapodal plates more laterally situated as illustrated. Anal plate with broadly rounded anterior margin, posterior end terminating in a blunt tip; its usual terminal position necessitates dissection in order to observe the entire plate; adanal setae sinuotis, 100 microns long; post-anal seta less than one-half as long. Uncovered area of venter bearing approximately 10 pairs of somewhat sinuous setae. Peritremal tube with supporting sclerotized plate extending from anterior border of coxae I almost to level of posterior border of coxae IV with stigma located at level midway between coxae ITI and IV; alary anterior extension of peritremal plate extends forward fusing with anterior tip of dorsal plate. Second pair of legs greatly enlarged, cal- carate, armed with a massive femoral spur bearing strong teeth on the inner lateral margins; a small, blunt, striated spine located immediately distal to large femoral spur; patella and tibia each with a striated, sharp, stout spine bent at right angle to its axis (— lancet-shaped hair of Zumpt 1950) ; tarsus with two prominent, stout, terminal spines and a basal spine similar to, but smaller than, tibial spine. No other unusual features visible on legs. Gnathosoma —typical for genus as illustrated. Capitular groove with six transverse rows, each containing seven to ten teeth. Fixed digit of chelicera with a short sharp seta and three teeth, movable digit bearing two teeth. Male.— Idiosoma —1.065 mm. long by 0.823 mm. wide. Dorsum essentially as in female. Venter with narrow, elongate holoventral plate, which has a truncate caudal border just posterior to hind margin of coxae IV, widely separated EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Androlaelaps sinuosa, female. Fig. 1. Venter; Fig. 2. Dorsal plate; Fig. 3. Peritreme; Fig. 4. Anal plate. , 122 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 from anal plate. Genital orifice on anterior margin of holoventral plate; all but the first of the five pairs of holoventral seate long and sinuous. Two pairs of metapodal plates visible. Anal plate and peritreme as in female. Approxi¬ mately 12 pairs of setae on unarmed portion of opisthosoma. Legs as described for female. Gnathosoma —Fixed digit of chelicera with subapical tooth; a short sharp seta located at proximal level of apical four-fifths of the fixed digit. Movable digit divided into two branches as illustrated, one opposing the fixed digit and supplied with one tooth, the other articulated at mid-length and produced as a long, sickle-shaped process. The usual basal brush of setae around the movable digit present. Holotype female and allotype male, collected 18 October, 1953; from Perognathus sp. probably fallax fallax at Pigeon Pass, Riv¬ erside County, California (Deposited in U. S. Nat. Museum). Paratypes. Twelve females and three males with same data as type. The following are all from Perognathus fallax fallax: Twenty-six females, 7 males, Reche Canyon, San Bernardino County, Calif., October 1, 1951; 16 females, 5 males, Reche Canyon, San Bernardino County, Calif., October 4, 1951; 9 females, 6 males, Reche Canyon, San Ber¬ nardino County, Calif., Oct. 5, 1951; 12 females, 2 males, Reche Canyon, San Bernardino County, Calif., Oct. 11, 1951; 17 females, 4 males, Reche Canyon, San Bernardino County, Calif., Oct. 12, 1951; 8 females, 4 males, Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, Calif., July 24, 1951; 6 females, 1 male, Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, Calif., July 27, 1951; 3 females, 2 males, Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, Calif., Aug. 2, 1951; 8 females, 8 males, Lucerne Valley, San Bernardino County, Calif., Nov. 7, 1953; 4 females, 1 male, Plunge Creek Canyon, San Bernardino County, Calif., Nov. 19, 1951. Androlaelaps sinuosa is easily distinguished from all other species of the genus by the presence of very long sinuous setae on dorsal and ventral sides of both sexes. However, the most basic morphological difference displayed by this species is the widely divided holoventral plate of the male; all other members of the genus have the anal plate incorporated in the holoventral plate. Some authorities might establish a new genus for the reception of this species. To this the author cannot subscribe, since the host affinities and combination of morphological features definitely align it with Androlaelaps. Grateful appreciation is expressed to Mr. Raymond E. Ryck- man of the Loma Linda School of Tropical and Preventive Medi¬ cine, who made available the specimens described in this paper. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Androlaelaps sinuosa. Fig. 5. Venter of male; Fig. 6. Male chelicera; Fig. 7. Female chelicera. 124 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 References Eads, R. B. 1951. New mites of the genus Androlaelaps Beilese. Journal of Para¬ sitology, 37(2): 212-216. Eads. R. B. and B. G. Hightower 1951. A new mite from nests of the wood rat, Neotoma micropus. Entomological News, LXII(8) :249-252. Fox, I. 1946. Three new mites from rats in Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 59:173-176. Turk, F. A. 1946. Studies of Acari V, Notes on and description of new and little known acari. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 11, vol. XII: 785-820. Zumpt, F., and P. M. Patterson 1950. The Ethiopian species of Hypoaspis subgen. Androlaelaps Berlese (1903), with description of a new species. South African Journal of Medical Science, 15: 67-74. Zumpt, F. 1950. Some remarks on the family Laelptidae (sensu Vitzthum 1943) with descriptions of three new species from African rodents. Parasitology, 40(5 and 4) : 298-303. THE HOST OF MYRMOSULA RUTILANS (BLAKE) (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) During the spring of 1953, females of Myrmosula rutilans (Blake) 1 were taken running about the nest sites of the andrenid bee Nomadopsis scutellaris (Fowler) 2 . The association of the wasp with the bee was so consistent that the writer suspected the wasps of being parasitic on the bees. Females of the wasp were often observed to enter the burrows of the bee. Final confirmation did not come until June 15, when two females of the Myrmosula ma¬ tured from cells which were taken from a Nojnadopsis nest of the previous summer. This is apparently the first host record for a species of Myrmosula and so is of considerable interest. In fact, it is one of the few records that we have for any wasps of the sub¬ family Myrmosinae, the only other records being for Myrmosa unicolor Say, a parasite of Tiphia sp., Halictus (Chloralictus) pruinosm Robertson, H. (C.) stultum Cresson, and possibly Linde- nius (Trachelosimus) columbianus errans (Fox).— Roy A. Snell- ing, Turlock, California. 1 Identification verified by P. D. Hurd, Jr. 2 Identification verified by J. G. Rozen, Jr. April, 1954] CHANDLER-ELMIDAE 125 NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ELMIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA Harry P. Chandler California Department of Fish and Game, Red Bluff, California The following new genera and species are described at this time, so that they may be included in the section on the Elmidae in a book on the aquatic insects of California soon to be published by the University of California. Atractelmis Chandler, new genus 1 Form somewhat fusiform, length slightly more than twice width, nearly glabrous. Head: clypeus distinct, slightly depressed; antennae moderately long, iy 2 times width of head, 11-segmented with last three segments per- ceptably larger but not sharply differentiated; maxillary palpi (fig. 3) three- segmented. Pronotum with sides nearly straight, converging anteriorly, slightly convex at middle and flared basally; posterior margin not emarginate in front of scutellum; sublateral carinae slightly divergent anteriorly, with inner side deeply depressed basally, becoming gradually less distinct to anterior third where it disappears, connected at posterior fifth by a broad depression paralleling the posterior margin; discal area anterior to this depression evenly convex to anterior margin, with fine punctures; sides of pronotuin lateral to carinae very deeply punctured or rugose. Elytra widest at anterior third; sides evenly elliptical to the rounded apices, except for slight angulation at posterior third; humeral angles prominent, concealing margin from above, area between them only slightly convex and continuous with depressed base of pronotum; elytra along medial line evenly curved about 90° from scutellum to apex, a little more strongly curved near scutellum; epi- pleura strongly narrowed from base, narrowly tapered to fine point near base of 5th abdominal sternite. Ventral surface with hydrofuge pile on underside of head, hypomera, epipleura, sides of thorax, abdomen, coxae and femur. Prosternum without short, broad anterior process under head. Genotype: Atractelmis wawona Chandler, n. sp. Atractelmis wawona Chandler, new species Adult: In addition to the characters mentioned above this species may be characterized as follows: Length 2 mm., width .9 mm.; shining black above with four red spots on elytra. Antennae testacious to rufous at apex. Elytra with humeral red spot nearly reaching first stria; sutural black area widened near scutellum; subapical red spot 3 to 4 times as long as wide, parallel to side of elytron, beginning on 5th stria and ending on 2nd; elytral striae narrowly impressed medially, more broadly so laterally; punctures small medially, separated by more than their own width, to coarse laterally, 1 Generic name derived from atraktos meaning spindle, referring to its fusiform shape; and Elmis which indicated its relationships to the other genera having elongate sublateral carinae and three segmented maxillary palpi. 126 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 separated by less than own width. Wings: See fig. 1. Venter piceous, medial portion between coxae from anterior margin of prosternum to apex of 5th abdominal segment, without tomentum, finely punctate with short, depressed hairs from each puncture. Prostemum with posterior process margined nearly to anterior margin, sides convergent posteriorly at about a 60° angle, roundly truncate at apex, depressed medially behind coxae, middle coxae nearly twice (11:6) as widely separated as hind coxae. Metasternum and first abdominal sternite raarginate laterally at beginning of hydrofuge pile. Last abdominal segment with apex broadly rounded. Legs piceous to rufous, anterior side of pro- and mesotibia and posterior side of meso- and metatibia with patches of tomentum, tibia and tarsus with numerous additional long hairs; tarsi with apex of last segment nearly as thick as tibia, claws very large and stout, thick at base, curved 90° from base to apex. Genitalia: See fig. 2. Holotype, male, South Fork Merced River near Wawona, Yosemite National Park, California, elev. 4,000 feet, 17 July 1946 (H. P. Chandler) ; paratype, male, Middle Fork, Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County, California, 24 June 1952. The holotype will be placed in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. The single paratype, which was dissected to study some of the structures, will be retained in the author’s collection. This species is amply distinct to be separated generically from any other species known to the author. As a genus, it is related to Cleptelmis ornata (Schaf.) and C. addenda (Fall) and Ampumixis dispar (Fall) which have the maxillary palpi three segmented, the epipleura tapering to a fine point posteriorly, and many other characters of shape and sculpture. From them it can be separated in the field by its spindle shape and the elongate posterior red spot. Under magnification it may be separated by the shape of the pronotum, especially the carinae not reaching the anterior margin, and the transverse basal depression between the carinae; and the epipleura strongly narrowed from base. These two specimens were taken in riffle areas of a small and a medium sized clear mountain stream. The two localities are over two hundred miles apart, one in the Sierra Nevada mountains and the other in the Coast Range of Northern California. This would indicate that the species is widely distributed but quite rare, or that little collecting has been done in the exact niche it prefers. Rhizelmis 2 Chandler, new genus Form robust, about twice as long as wide, somewhat obovate, widest near posterior third, narrowed anteriorly to base of head, without conspicuous convexities, strongly narrowed posteriorly to blunt apices of the elytra with sides at about 70° angle, sparsely clothed with fine depressed hair above. Head as long as wide; clypeus distinct, slightly depressed; epicranial sutures 2 Generic name derived from rhiza for root, referring to the roots and mosses which were processed in a Berlese funnel to obtain these specimens, and Elmis. April, 1954] CHANDLER-ELMIDAE 127 depressed; antennae moderately long, 1.3 times width of head, a little longer in male, eleven-segmented, with last three segments perceptibly larger but not sharply differentiated: maxillary palpi three-segmented. Pronotum with sides sinuate, converging anteriorly, slightly convex behind middle, slightly concave anteriorly, more strongly so posteriorly; hind angles flared; posterior margin not emsrginate in front of scutellum; discal area evenly convex and finely punctured from anterior margin to posterior fifth, broken only by fine medial carina, bounded laterally by sublateral carinae; deep depression extending from anterior margin posteriorly along the lateral margin to posterior 2/5 with smaller depressions near the margin at posterior 1/5 and at posterior 1/5 of sublateral carinae; lateral fourth coarsely and densely punctured, with slightly depressed area along posterior margin also densely punctured except for two small tuberosities located medially to base of sublateral carinae; sublateral carinae nearly obscured by dense puncturing, carinae extending from posterior margin to base of domed discal area, then convexly around discal area nearly to anterior margin. Elytra widest near middle; sides more strongly rounded just behind middle, then somewhat flattened to the rounded apices; humeral angles only slightly prominent, area between them only slightly convex and continuous with depressed base of pronotum; elytra along medial line evenly curved about 90° from scutellum to apex, a little less strongly curved near apex; epipleura most strongly narrowed near the base of the metacoxa, narrowly tapered to a fine point just beyond base of 5th abdominal segment. Venter with hydrofuge pile on underside of head, hypomera, epipleura, sides of thorax, coxae and femora. Prosternum with a short, broad, anterior process under head. Figs. 1—3. Atractelmis wawona Chandler, n.g., n.sp. 1. Wing. 2. Ventral view of male genitalia. 3. Maxillary palp. 128 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 Genotype: Rhizelmis nigra Chandler. Rhizelmis nigra Chandler, new species In addition to the characters mentioned above this species may¬ be characterized as follows: Holotype male: length 2.6 mm., width 1.3 mm.; shining black above. Head about as long as wide, densely covered with micropunctures and short, depressed hairs; antennae testaceous to brown at apex. Elytra , striae nar¬ rowly impressed, punctures small, separated by twice their own width, lateral striae and punctures a little stronger, punctures separated by more than their own width; strial intervals rugulose with scattered micropunctures. Venter piceous, medial portion between coxae from anterior margin of thorax to fifth abdominal segment without tomentum, but coarsely punctate and with short, depressed hairs, except metasternum which is finely punctate and nearly glabrous; prosternal process roughly triangular with bluntly rounded apex, about 1.2 times as long as wide, margins raised; mesocoxae 1.4 times as widely separated as hind coxae; metastemum with only short carinae behind mesocoxae at the edge of the tomentous area; fifth abdominal segment emar- ginate at apex. Legs rufotestaceous with thicker portions of femur piceous, all tibia have at least some tomentum on both the anterior and posterior sides. Tarsi and claws moderately enlarged. Genitalia, aedeagus evenly nar¬ rowed to dorso-ventrally keeled apex; parameres narrowed from basal to apical third then curved out and flared to obliquely truncate, apex. Allotype female: length 2.9 mm.; width 1.45 mm.; similar to type except antennae slightly shorter, and apex of fifth abdominal segment not emar- ginate. Genitalia, apical segment of the paired appendages three times as long as wide and about 1/3 as long as basal segment. Holotype, male, Paradise Creek, Colusa County, California, 24 July 1953, elev. 2,400 feet (H. P. Chandler). Allotype, same data as holotype. Five paratypes same data as holotype. Holotype and allotype will be placed in the California Academy of Science collection, paratypes in Milton W. Sanderson’s and my own col¬ lection. The discovery of this species resulted from my attempts to collect and associate larvae with the adults of all the genera of Elmidae occurring in California. In the course of this work the larvae now associated with this species were collected from two widely separated localities. Atractelmis was the only known adult with which no larvae had been associated. With some misgiving the larvae were associated with Atractelmis since they were col¬ lected from similar habitats, and each had characters showing it to belong to the Elmis section of the family. The third attempt to collect adults at Paradise Creek was successful, and the correction was made. April, 1954] CHANDLER-ELMIDAE 129 In relation to the other genera with three-segmented maxillary palpi it is intermediate in size between Narpus which is larger, and Cleptelmis, Ampumixis and Atractelmis which are smaller. The sculpturing of the pronotum most closely approaches that of Atractelmis, but the general body shape is quite different. Also it may be separated from the latter by the projection of the pro¬ sternum under the head, the shape of the epipleura and the male genitalia with the flared tips of the parameres. The masking of tire sublateral carinae of the pronotum by the lateral punctures will make this genus difficult to key out in a natural key unless the 3 segmented maxillary palpi, which are often difficult to count, are used near the beginning of the key. Larva: Length 6.2 mm.; width, prothorax .75 mm., 1st abdominal seg¬ ment .75 mm., 7th abdominal segment .65 mm.; long and slender with nearly parallel sides; hemicylindrical in cross section. Eighth and ninth segments narrowed to bluntly rounded, emarginate apex. Integument rui'otestaceous with a fuscous tinge dorsally, especially on the tubercles; tubercles small, slightly raised, separated from each other by less than their own width except for several glabrous patches on thorax and apical half of ninth abdominal segment, each tubercle with a short, depressed posterior spine; hind margin of each segment fringed with an even row of closely spaced, elongate tubercles which appear to be bidentate posteriorly but have a short, semi¬ transparent spine in socket between teeth. Head: Antennae biramous; ocelli five, three closely placed anterior ocelli and two more widely separated posteriorly. Prothorax with lateral, longitudinal depression connected with transverse depression reaching nearly to medial line. Venter: Pleurae of promeso- and metathorax divided into anterior and posterior sclerites; anterior pleurae of prothorax separated medially by suture, sternum reduced to a small triangular sclerite between and anterior to coxae. Procoxal cavities open behind. Abdomen with pleurae on first to eight segments. Ninth abdomi¬ nal segment twice as long as wide, emargination at apex obtuse Y-shaped, with a short projection at lateral angles; operculum 4/9 as long as segment. Records: Paradise Creek, Colusa County, California, 21 Sept. 1952, 12 May and 24 July 1953, elev. 2,400 feet (H. P. Chandler) ; Deep Creek, Shasta County, 12 Oct. 1952, elev. 2,200 feet (H. P. Chandler). M. W. Sanderson noted in a letter that he had a larva similar to one of the above sent him, from Tagoose Creek, Inyo County, California, probably collected by Tarzwell. This larva can be separated from those of other genera by its general shape and the presence of pleurae on the eighth abdominal segment. From Narpus which also has 8 abdominal pleurae, it can be separated by its less cylindrical shape and the absence of short, erect spines on the vertex. 130 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 The last collection from Paradise Creek consisted of 69 speci¬ mens ranging from small to mature larvae. These were sorted into 4 size groups as follows: (16) 2.7 to 3 by .35 mm.; (13) 3.3 to 3.9 by .45 mm.; (13) 4.5 to 5 by .6 mm.; (27) 5.5 to 6.3 by .8 mm. This may indicate that the life cycle extends over 4 or more years. There was also a pronounced color change between each group from light testaceous to the black tinged mature larvae. Optioservus canus Chandler, new species Holotype male: Length 2.1 mm.; width .9 mm.: head, thorax and scu- tellum black, elytra fuscous brown with testaceous humeral spots, venter fuscous brown; entire body more or less covered with conspicuous white, depressed hairs up to .1 mm. in length, giving grizzled appearance above and even apparent ventrally where body is covered with hydrofuge pubescence. Head black, alutaceous above; exposed moulhparts black, maxillary palpi four-segmented. Antennae testaceous, 11-segmented, length equal to width of head, basal two segments equal, distal segments 9-11 slightly flattened, greatest width equal to that of basal segments, intermediate segments 3—8 only 2/3 as wide. Pronotum: Length .8 mm.; width 1 mm.; sides parallel basally, arcuately convergent anteriorly, disk finely punctured, evenly convex, basal sublateral carinae slightly divergent anteriorly, extending 1/3 of distance to anterior margin; sides of pronotum lateral to carinae rugose, lateral margin caniculate above and strongly arcuately depressed anteriorly. Elytra slightly wider than prothorax, widest near middle, sides subparallel to apical third, intrastrial and interstrial intervals micropunctate, slightly rugose and convex except near middle of medial suture; strial punctures deep, separated by own width or less; humeral spot reaching third striae, not sharply defined, medial portion of elytron with poorly defined lighter brown area extending posteriorly nearly to apex. Venter: Thorax and abdomen including hypomera, epipleura and femur covered with hydrofuge pubescence, except medially between coxae from head to second abdominal segment. Hypomera broad, sides strongly convergent anteriorly; posterior prosternal process with sides converging posteriorly, narrowly rounded apically; last abdominal segment rounded from side to side. Legs fuscous brown with tarsi rufotestaceous, patch of tomentum on anterior side of pro- and posterior side of meso- and metatibia; tibia not constricted or bent near apex: last segment of tarsi not as thick as tibia, claw r s moderate, curved about 90° from base to apex. Allotype female: Length 2.5 mm.; width 1.4 mm. Similar to male except antennae shorter, only 4/5 width of head. Elytra with humeral spot less distinct, interstrial intervals more uniformly convex. Holotype, Chalone Creek, Pinnacles National Monument, San Benito County, California, elev. 1,000 feet, 3 May 1946 (H. P. Chandler). Allotype same data. Paratypes; lcf and 1 9 same data as type; 1c?? Santa Barbara and vicinity, California, (F. E. Winters) ; 1 9 Riverside, California (F. E. Winters). Holo¬ type and allotype will be placed in California Academy of Sci- April, 1954] FENDER-MALTHODES 131 ences; one paratype in the collection of M. W. Sanderson and the rest in the author’s collection. This species is probably most closely related to 0. diver gens (LeConte) from which it can be separated by having the hairs of the body half again as long and more conspicuous, giving a grizzled appearance; the elytra brown with a humeral spot, in¬ stead of solid black, and strial intervals more convex. In addition to some of the above characters, it may be distinguished from 0. quadrimaculatus (Horn) by having smaller poorly defined humeral and (if present as in the paratype from Santa Barbara) subapical pale areas which are more yellow than red. ON SOME MALTHODES (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) Kenneth M. Fender McMinnville, Oregon Malthodes columbiensis Fender Due to a typographical lapsus, ten paratypes were omitted from the original description of this species. These have been distributed as paratypes and as such should be considered. They were all col¬ lected by G. Stace Smith at Creston, B. C. on the following dates: May 5, 1947 (2), May 7, 1947 (1), May 14, 1948 (3), May 15, 1948 (1), May 21, 1948 (1) and May 25, 1948 (2). Malthodes stacesmithi Fender, new species Black, mandibles and posterior margin of the pronotum nar¬ rowly obscurely paler, elytra beyond the basal fifth, tarsi and the apices of the tibiae piceous, male last dorsals, seventh ventral and median portion of the sixth ventral flavous, pubescence cinereous, inconspicuous, fine and sparse. Length 4 mm. Male. Head wider than the pronotum, finely sparsely punctured behind the eyes which are large and prominent, antennae broken off beyond the eighth segment in the type, second and third segments equal, the fourth slightly longer, the intermediate segments about three times as long as wide; pronotum shining, transverse, the anterior angles obliquely rounded, the sides nearly straight and parellel to the hind angles which are rounded, disc very finely sparsely punctured, a small triangular impression medially at the base; elytra extending to the apex of the fifth ventral segment, sparsely punctured basally, becoming rugose apically, the apices not appreciably tumid. 132 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 EXLANATION OF FIGURES Fig. 1. male terminalia of Malthodes stacesmithi, ventral view. Fig .2. Same, lateral view. Female. Similar to the male, head narrower than the pronotum, the eyes small, antennae missing beyond the second segment in the allotype; sides of the pronotum straight, converging slightly to the rounded hind angles; elytra extending to the apex of the fourth ventral segment; seventh ventral acutely triangularly notched. Male terminalia: Ventral view (Fig. 1) : sixth ventral deeply emar- ginate, the base of the emargination truncate, seventh ventral elongate, extending beyond the sixth by about one and a third times the length of the sixth, forked at the apical third, the forks strongly divergent, becoming parallel apically, the tips rounded, apices of the side pieces of the penul¬ timate dorsal subtriangular. Lateral view (Fig. 2); sixth ventral obovate, seventh ventral slender, evenly sinuately ascending, the tip rounded; last dorsals somewhat arched; sides of penultimate dorsal descending, obliquely doubly folded, the folded section slightly projected at the posterior angles into podiform processes; the last dorsal concealed. Holotype , male, Barkerville, British Columbia, August 12, 1950, collected by G. Stace Smith; allotype, female, same data as male type but collected August 14, 1950. Types in the Stace Smith collection. This species falls in my group X and in the key to that group would run to Malthodes furcifer LeConte. The penultimate dorsal is more rudimentary than in M. furcifer as indicated by the sides being merely folded rather than partially abbreviated basally as in M. furcifer. The basal pronotal margin is narrowly pale in M. stacesmithi whereas the pronotal disc of M. furcifer has a small pale spot medially on each side. April, 1954] TIMBERLAICE-NOMADA 133 TWO NEW SPECIES OF NOMADA, SUBGENUS GNATHIAS, FROM CALIFORNIA 1 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) P. H. Timberlake University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Up to the present time no species of Gnathias has been described or recorded from California, except that Fowler, in 1899, recorded what is apparently a single species of the group as lepida ( cf ) and bidgnaia ($), both names having been incorrectly applied. There are, however, several species of Gnathias resident in California, and by request I am now describing two new species to provide names for the recording of biological data. Nomada (Gnathias) opacella Timberlake, new species N. lepida Fowler, 1899, Ent. News, 10, pp. 159, 161, $ (not Cresson). N. bisignata Fotoler, 1899, Ibid., pp. 159, 162, $ (not Say). This is a small Gnathias, which differs from similar eastern species in having the abdomen comparatively dullish, with a fine obscure puncturation, and from several other western species of similar dullish aspect in having the apical depression of the tergites comparatively broad, nude, and punctureless, and in having dis¬ tinct yellow maculae on the second tergite. The male differs from N. lepida Cresson in the entirely black scape, in the more infus- cated legs and abdomen, and in having antennal joint 4 much longer than 3. Female —Dark-reddish ferruginous, with black markings on head and thorax. Basal and lateral margins of labrum more or less yellow. Entire pos¬ terior surface of head black, except rather narrow orbital stripes that unite with a transverse band across the vertex; a large quadrate black area on face, extending from antennae to ocellar region, enclosed by red orbital stripes which have an inward-directed spur before the summit of the eyes by which the black is notched on each side, the black area usually enclosing a small red patch in front of anterior ocellus. Sutures from antennal sockets to clypeus more or less black. Mesoscutum with four red and three black stripes that are nearly equal: the lateral margins in front of tegulae also narrowly black. Sternum and sides of prothorax, area of mesopleura just beneath wings and behind tubercles, metapleura and contiguous margin of propodeum, and median stripe on propodeum, black. Red mark on pleura generally large and extending across the posterior part of mesosternum. Abdomen dark red, more or less coppery on apical depression of tergites; the base of tergite 1 broadly black, as is the concealed base of following tergites, which thus imparts a duskiness to the coloration. On each side of tergite 2 a rather small, pale- yellow spot; sometimes a pair of smaller spots on tergite 3. Antennae dark , Paper No. 799, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California. 134 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 ferruginous, with the scape black above except toward base, and the flagellum infuscated above. Legs dark red: the coxae, except more or less at apex or on anterior side, mark at base of front and middle femora beneath, bind femora more or less on anterior and posterior sides, and bind tarsi except toward apex, black. Tegulae ferruginous. Wings smoky except for the usual clear spot beyond the submarginal and discal cells. Nervures fuscous, the stigma dull ferruginous. Head and thorax with the usual dense, coarse puncturation; abdomen dullish; the base of tergites 2 and 3 very minutely and densely punctate, the apical depression of tergites broad, nude, and impunctate. Apex of pygidial plate rounded, sometimes slightly truncate. Scutellum weakly bi- lobate. Antennae moderately elongate, the middle joints of flagellum about one and one-half times longer than thick; joint 3 on short side a little more than half as long as joint 4. Apex of hind tibiae opposite spurs armed with one long, slender bristle and three progressively shorter, coarse, curved black bristles. Second and third submarginal cells broad below, the third about half as wide as the second above. Pubescence white, becoming more or less yellowish above, with long, coarse, dusky bristles intermixed on face and scape of antennae. Apical felt band of tergite 5 narrow and white. Length, 6.5-7 mm.; anterior wing, 5.5-6.1 mm. Male —Head and thorax black. Mandibles except tips, labrum, clypeus except upper margin of disc, lateral marks slender above and reaching level of antennae, and sometimes a short postorbital line (generally restricted to small spot next to base of mandibles), lemon yellow. Thorax entirely black, or tubercles more or less reddish, and more rarely a small yellow spot on anterior part of pleura. Abdomen dull ferruginous, black and yellow; basal half of tergite 1 black, and a broad black band at the base of tergites 2 to 6 often appearing like an apical or preapical band on the preceding segment; a yellow band on tergites 1 to 6 usually narrowly interrupted on 1, broadly interrupted on 2 and 3, and sometimes more or less interrupted on 4; the yellow on tergites 2 to 6 with a more or less distinct posterior emargination on each side by intrusion of tire darker ground color, these intrusions represented on tergite 1 generally by a small black, oval or roundish spot on each side; apical depression of tergites and area between the interrupted parts of bands, ferruginous. Venter with broad yellow bands. Scape of antennae entirely black; flagellum black above, more narowly toward apex, and dull ferruginous beneath. Legs black behind, rather narrowly so on front trochanters, femora, and tibiae, the hind femora dark except on upper an¬ terior side, and the hind tibae dark except on inner side; legs otherwise ferruginous, more or less washed with yellow, especially on anterior side of front femora and tibiae, anterior side of middle femora, and at apex of the light part of hind femora and of the middle and hind tibiae; hind tarsi dark, the front pair ferruginous tinged with brown on outer side, and the middle intermediate in color. Tegulae dark ferruginous. Wings nearly as in female. Inner orbits of eyes distinctly converging below. Antennae moderately elongate, the scape moderately swollen; joint 4 a little longer than 13 and somewhat less than twice as long as 3; joints 5 to 12 rather strongly sinuate and denticulate on outer margin beneath. Tergite 7 distinctly notched at apex, length, 5.5-9 mm.; anterior wing, 4.5-6.5 mm. April, 1954] TIMBERLAKE-NOMADA 135 Variation: Rarely, the yellow marks on tergite 1 reduced to small spots or the marks on tergites 1 to 4 all reduced to small lateral spots; conversely and more rarely, the yellow markings may form wide bands, very narrowly in¬ terrupted on tergite 1, incompletely interrupted on tergite 2, and entire on following segments. Holotype female and allotype, male, Berkeley, California, on Ranunculus californicus, March 17, 1941 (E. G. Linsley). The types and following paratypes in collection of Citrus Expe¬ riment Station, Riverside: 2 females, 27 males taken with the types; 1 male, Berkeley hills, March 4, 1932 (Margaret L. Cook) ; 1 male, 1 female, Visalia, March 29 and April 21, 1939 (F. T. Scott) ; 2 females, Pine Flat, near California Hot Springs, flying over ground, May 3, 1947 (Timberlake) ; and 1 female, Laguna Mountains, San Diego County, May 17, 1948 (Crickmer). Para¬ types in University of California collection, Berkeley, as follows: 1 female, Orinda, Contra Costa County, on Ranunculus, March 21, 1946 (R. Smith and MacSwain) ; 1 male, Berkeley, March 16, 1939; and 5 females, 42 males, Berkeley (J. W. MacSwain), col¬ lected April 15 and 19, 1946; March 11, 13, 16, 1947, and March 21, 25, 26 and April 3, 1952. Nomada (Gnathias) debilis Timberlake, new species Allied to opacella, with which it agrees closely in sculpture, but smaller and having antennae of both sexes considerably shorter. Female —Clear dark ferruginous ,with the following black markings: a dot in suture on each side of dypeus; mark between and extending a little above antennal sockets; transverse mark covering ocelli; large area on occiput (leaving genae broadly red) ; prosternum and mark on sides of pronotum; median stripe on mesoscutum (and sometimes a short stripe on each side); small spot on middle of propodeum; depressed areas below and behind wings; metapleura more or less and contiguous anterior margin of sides of propodeum, with an extension to area between middle and hind coxae on each side; base of front coxae, middle coxae except apex, and posterior side of hind coxae except apex. Hind femora slightly infuscated beneath, and hind basitarsi more or less fuscous on outer side. Antennae unifor-mly light ferruginous. Mandibles rufous at apex. Abdomen clear ferruginous, with extreme base of tergite 1 slightly blackened. A small yellow spot on each side of tergite 2, and sometimes traces of lateral spots on tergite 3. Tegulae and w r ings as in opacella, except that the stigma is more, infuscated. Structure, sculpture, and pubescence about as in opacella, but head more transverse and antennae considerably shorter, with joint 3 three-fourths to four-fifths as long as 4, and the middle joints of flagellum not more than one and one-third times longer than thick. Length, 5-6.5 mm.; anterior wing, 4.5-5 m.. Male —Head and thorax black. Genae at anterior end of eyes, mandibles except reddish tips, labrum, and broad band across anterior border of face, 136 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 extending very narowly upward on orbits to level of antennae, pale yellow (the black of face more or less evenly truncate anteriorly and covering base of clypeus). Two red spots on scutellum, sometimes enlarged and confluent, and sometimes a small red spot on each side of hind margin of pronotum. Tubercles ferruginous or yellow or tipped with yellow, and a small yellowish mark on anterior border of the sternopleural region of mesothorax on each side. Abdomen clear ferruginous, except that the base of tergites 2 to 7 is black, imparting a duskiness to the overlying portion of preceding segment, and nearly the basal half of tergite 1 is black. A moderately large, nearly circular yellow mark on each side of tergite 2, smaller marks on tergite 3, and usually a small yellow spot on each side of tergite 4. Legs ferruginous, but the coxae almost entirely, posterior side of trochanters and of hind femora, under margin of front and middle femora and outer side of hind basitarsi, black; front and middle tibiae a little infuscated behind. Antennae fer¬ ruginous, but scape black, either entirely or often with a yellow or reddish stripe beneath; first four joints of flagellum broadly, and the following joint to apex narrowly, black above. Tegulae and wings as in female. Other characters about as in male of opacella, except that the antennae are considerable shorter; antennal joint 4 equal to 13, and joint 3 on its short side about two-thirds as long as 4; middle joints of flagellum about one and one-third times longer than thick. Length, 5-6.5 mm.; anterior wing, 4.5-5 mm. Holotype female and allotype, Tetley Park, Seeley Flat, San Bernardinno Mts., California, about 4,500 feet, at flowers of ap¬ ple, May 15, 1937 (Timberlake). Paratypes as follows: 12 fe¬ males, on Potentilla glandulosa. May 13, 1934; 3 females on same flowers, May 23, 1936; 2 females on Ceanothus integerrimus. May 16, 1936; 1 female, 13 males at flowers of apple, 1 male on Salix laevigata, 2 males on Montia perfoliata, and 8 males on Nemophila integrifolia, May 15, 1937; 2 males flying over ground and 3 males on Nemophila integrifolia. May 8, 1940 (Timberlake) ; and 1 fe¬ male, May 8, 1940 (C. M. Dammers), all at type locality; 1 male, Mill Creek, San Bernardino Mountains, 6,000 feet, on Ceanothus cordulatus, May 20, 1946; and 1 male same locality, on Arctosta- phylos patula, May 16, 1948 (Timberlake). Types in collection of Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside. Var. a. — Female with black markings nearly extensive as in opacella, with the red forming a band across upper part of frons; the legs and abdomen clear red, but the black forming three stripes on mesoscutum; a median stripe or propodeum, and a broad oblique band from hind wings to middle and hind coxael (Sierra Nevadas). 1 female, Miami Ranger Station, Mariposa County, June 4 and 7, 1942 (E. G. Linsley) ; and 1 female, Oakhurst, Madera County, on Ceanothus , June 5, 1942 (Arthur J. Walz). April, 1954] WIRTH-TABANOIDEA 137 A NEW SPECIES OF GLUTOPS AND OTHER NEW RECORDS OF CALIFORNIA TABANOIDEA (Diptera) Willis W. Wirth Entomology Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service U. S. Department of Agriculture Through the courtesy of Dr. Paul D. Hurd, Jr., I have had the pleasure of examining a collection of Rhagionidae and the related families Erinnidae and Coenomyiidae from the California Insect Survey at Berkeley. In all 30 species and 540 specimens were rep¬ resented. The most important records are presented here, together with a few distributional and descriptive notes. I am also greatly indebted to Dr. Frank R. Cole of Redlands, California, for the opportunity to study some specimens from his collection of the very rare genus Glutops, including a new species here described. Mr. Alexander A. Hubert of Hamilton, Montana, gave me the benefits of his intensive study of Symphorornyia on points of synonymy just as this paper was going to press. I also wish to thank Dr. L. L. Pechuman of Lockport, New York for his critical comparisons, loans of specimens, and other valuable assistance. FAMILY COENOMYIIDAE Genus Glutops Burgess Glutops Burgess, 1878, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 19: 821 (Genotype: Glutops singularis Burgess, monobasic). The genus Glutops has interested dipterists generally because specimens are rare in collections, and because the face has on each side a peculiar bulbous prominence which is especially swollen and covered with long hairs in the males. Only two species have pre¬ viously been known, each from only a few specimens. One of these species was represented in the California material examined, as well as a third undescribed species. Glutops rossi Pechuman Glutops rossi Pechuman, 1945, Canad. Ent., 77: 134. This species has previously been known only from British Columbia (type locality: Port Haney) and Montana. I have ex¬ amined the following specimens from California: 1 $ Pine Creek, Modoc County, July 18, 1948, W. W. Wirth (el. 7000 ft.) (in U. S. National Museum) ; 1 $, Point Reyes, Marin County, June 5. 1949, R. E. Ryckman (U. S. N. M.); 1 9, Lone Pine, Inyo County, July 28, 1940, L. J. Lipovsky (Kansas Univ. collection); 1 $, Mt. Home Canyon, June 8, F. R. Cole (Cole collection). 138 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 Glutops punctata Wirth, new species Female. Length 10 mm., wing 10.4 mm. by 2.6 mm. Head pearly gray pollinose; Irons 0.43 times as broad as greatest width of head across eyes in dorsal view; ocellar triangle about equilateral, on a very prominent tubercle, the distance from the anterior ocellus to bases of antennae about 0.4 of width of frons. Facial prominences not quite as strong as in G. singutaris Burgess, with much denser, coarser, black hair. Palpi orange yellow, nearly as long as antennae, apices abruptly bent downwards, each with a flattened, bare dorsal area, and not broader than basal portions. Labium brownish and expanded in a distally flattened, ovoid disc apparently suitable for use as a suction cup in feeding. Antennae with first and second segments pruinose buff-colored, with numerous long, stout, black hairs; combined lengths of first two segments 0.7 of length of third segment. Third segment with nine indistinct annuli, basal annulus concolorus with preced¬ ing segments, second to fifth bright orange, very little broader than basal segments, sixth and succeeding annuli jet black and slender. Thorax pruinose gray, appearing mottled due to minute black punctations at bases of the numerous, strong, black hairs over all surfaces. Three very narrow, indis¬ tinct, black, longitudinal vittae on dorsum. Legs reddish brown, coxae with dense, dark gray pollen. Legs with very short black hairs except those on coxae, those in a ventral tuft at apex of each fore trochanter, and those on posteroventral surface of all femora, which are long. Wings with membrane reddish hrown infumated, the veins very little darker. Halteres with yellowish stems, grayish brown knobs. Abdomen pearly gray pollinose, with vestiture of coarse black hairs, each hair with a strong, rounded, black spot at base, these spots usually broader than the distances across the intervening gray ground color between them. Base of third tergite with a mesal row of about fifteen small, oval, polished black sensory pits in a transverse depression, posterior tergites and sternites each with a few scattered pairs of similar sensoria as in the genotype. Sixth and succeeding segments greatly com¬ pressed and telescoped and yellowish brown in color. Male. Specimen badly damaged, third antennal segments and abdomen missing. As in the female with the usual sexual differences, the most striking consisting of the enormously swollen facial prominences and the greater length of the body hairs, the facial prominences and scutellum appearing especially hirsute, but not nearly so much as in G. singularis. Eyes broadly contiguous above. Mesonotum darker slate-colored gray, the vittae very faint. Wing 10.0 mm. by 2.3 mm. Wirth, new species Holotype Fallen Leaf Lake, Lake Tahoe, California, July 2, 1915, E. C. Van Dyke (deposited in the California Academy of Sciences). Allotype, Agassiz, British Columbia, June, 1915, R. C. Treherne (F. R. Cole collection). ParalypesS 1 $, Homestead Inn, Mt. Hood, Oregon, June 30, 1927, E. C. Van Dyke (deposited in U. S. National Museum) ; 1 £, Trinity County, California, May 27, 1934, T. G. H. Aitken (California Insect Survey collection) ; April, 1954] WIRTH-TABANOIDEA 139 1 Yeomatt, Washington, June 3, 1929, V. Tartar (C. E. Philip collection). The Agassiz, British Columbia, specimen was originally re¬ ported by Gibson (1916, 47th Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario, p. 154) as G. singularis Burgess, but Pechuman (l.c.) not being able to locate the specimen, was naturally inclined to believe that it probably referred to his western species G. rossi. G. singularis has been recorded only from the northeastern states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania. I am indebted greatly to Dr. Pechuman, to Dr. Marion E. Smith of the University of Massachusetts, and to Dr. C. H. Curran of the Ameri¬ can Museum of Natural History for the loan of five female speci¬ mens of G. singularis for comparison with my western species, thus enabling me to study both sexes of each of the three species together. I am therefore able to present the following key for their separation: Key to the Species of Glutops 1. Antennae and legs black, halter knobs whitish, mesonotum with broad, dark gray vittae; wings with veins dark colored: length about 6 mm. ..... rossi Pechuman — Antennae yellowish to orange at bases, only extreme apices black; legs reddish brown; halter knobs infuscated; mesonotum with narrow dark brown or black vittae; length 8-10 mm.........2 2. Body hairs coarse, each arising front a round black dot: wing membrane dark brown, concolorous with borders of veins; mesonotal vittae black; antennae with first two segments combined half as long as third segment, the latter not swollen in middle; ocellar triangle equilateral; length 10 mm.__.. punctata Wirth — Body hairs fine, not arising from black dots, the body rather uniformly pollinose gray; wing membrane pale, contrasting strongly with dark brown-bordered veins; mesotonal vittae brown; antennae with first two segments combined over two-thirds as long as third segment, the latter considerably swollen in middle; ocellar triangle longer than broad; length 8 mm... singularis Burgess FAMILY RHAGIONIDAE Genus Vermileo Macquart Vermileo opacus (Coquillett) Vermileo opacus (Coquillett), 1904. Inv. Pac. 1:21 (Pheneus); Swezy, 1929, Proc. Hawn. Ent. Soc. 7:231; Leonard, 1930, Amer. Ent. Soc. Mem. 7:32; Pechuman, 1938, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 33:84. Coquillett described V . opacus from a male from Ormsby County, Nevada; Leonard added a record from Alamogordo, New Mexico; and Pechuman described the female from Pasadena, Cali- 140 % THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 forma and added a record from Zion Canyon, Utah. In the U. S. National Museum there is a female of V. opacus collected at Yosemite, California, at 3000 feet altitude by W. M. Wheeler which had been determined by him as V. comstocki. I have also seen a male and female from the Calfornia Insect Survey, taken at Snow¬ line Camp, Eldorado County, California, July 22, 1948, by J. W. MacSwain. Vermileo comstocki Wheeler Vermileo comstocki Wheeler, 1918, Proc. N. England Zool. Club 6:83; Greene, 1926, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 70:12; Leonard, 1930, Amer. Ent. Soc. Mem. 7:71; Leonard, 1931, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 57:323; Pechu- man, 1938, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 33:87. Wheeler collected his type series of V. comstocki at Alta Meadow, near Sequoia National Forest, California, elevation 9000 feet. Pechuman gives the location of the holotype as die Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts; there are five specimens labelled as cotypes in the U. S. National Museum. I have also examined 1 male, Sentinel Dome, California, June 19, 1938, E. O. Essig, elevation 8117 feet (California Insect Survey), 1 female, same data (U.S.N.M.), and 1 female, Strawberry, Tuol¬ umne County, California, July 15, 1951, J. W. MacSwain (C.I.S.). All the known localities for V. opacus are at an elevation indicating an Upper Sonoran distribution, while the V. comstocki localities are Transition or above. Genus Symphoromyia Frauenfeld This genus is especially important as it contains the only blood¬ sucking members of the family Rhagionidae in North America. In the mountains of the northern and western parts of the country these biting snipe flies are as annoying and painful biters as mem¬ bers of the Tabanidae. Aldrich's (1915, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 49:113—142) revision of the North American species still stands as the authoritative work and although excellent, badly needs to be brought up to date with a study of the male genialia. Species re¬ ported by Aldrich to take blood include atripes Bigot, flavipalpis Adams, hirta Johnson, inquisitor Aldrich, pachyceras Williston and possibly kincaidi Aldrich. I captured a female of sackeni Aldrich (near Saratoga, Santa Clara County, California, July 8, 1948) in the act of biting painfully. I have identified the following California species of Sympho¬ romyia in the California Insect Survey collection. 1. atripes Bigot. 78 $ $. Echo Lake, Eldorado County; Delany Creek, April, 1954] WIRT H-T A BAN 01DE A 141 Yosemite; White Mountain, Inyo County; Gavlor Lakes, Yosemite; Hope Valley, Alpine County; Young Lakes, Yosemite. 2. julvipes Bigot. 34 9 9, Hat Lake, Lassen County; Donner Pass, Nevada County; North Park, Mirror Lake, Young Lakes, Yosemite; Echo Lake, Eldorado County; Hope Valley, Alpine County; Buck’s Lake, Plumas County; Mt. Raymond, Madera County; Tuolumne Meadows, Tuol¬ umne County; Dark Creek, Tahquitz Valley, Idyllwild, San Jacinto Mountains. [I believe that flavipalpis Adams from Utah, which appar¬ ently differs mostly in its darker femora, will eventually prove to be a synonym of julvipes, while hirta Johnson, with a much narrower frons and broad mesotonal hands should be restricted to the eastern form. All of Aldrich’s Rocky Mountain records of hirta should be transferred to flavipalpis]. 3. johnsoni. Coquillet. 2 $ $ , 25 9 9, Keen Camp and Pine Grove, San Jacinto Mountains; Echo Lake, G. Alpine Creek, Lake Forest, Tahoe; Spaulding’s, Lassen County; Buck’s Lake, Plumas County; Miami Ranger Station, Mariposa County. 4. kincaidi Aldrich. 1 9, Mirror Lake, Yosemite, July 20, 1936, W. G. Herms. 5. limata Coquillet. 108 9 9, Idyllwild, Ribbonwood, Keen Camp, Pine Grove, Santa Rosa Mountain, Herkey Creek, San Jacinto River, San Jacinto Mountains; Tanbark Flat, Camp Baldy, Van Nuys, Pasadena, Los Angeles County; Poppet Flat, Riverside County; Hastings Refuge, Monterey County; Portola State Park, San Mateo County. 6. montana Aldrich. 22 $ $, 3 9 9, Hope Valley, Alpine County; Bridge Creek Camp, Lassen County; Triple Peak Fork, Yosemite; Sardine Creek, Mono County. 7. pachyceras Williston. 4 $ $, 23 9 9, Mt. Hamilton and San Antonio Valley, Santa Clara County; Cypress Ridge, Lagunitas Creek, Marin County; Sunol, Alameda County; Ryan Creek, Mendocino County; Hat Creek, Shasta County; Echo Lake, Eldorado County; Young Lakes, Yosemite. 8. plagens Williston. 4 $ $, 6 9 9, Trinity County; Donner Pass, Nevada County; Green Valley Park, Solano County; China Flat, Echo Lake, Eldorado County; Strawberry, Tuolumne County; Mt. Raymond, Madera County; Frazier Mt., Kern County. 9. sachem Aldrich. 5 $ $, 92 9 9, Pine Grove, San Jacinto River, Idyll¬ wild, Dark Creek, San Jacinto Mountains; Tanbark Flat, Big Dalton Dam, Pasadena, Los Angeles County; Loma Prieta, Santa Clara County; Frazier Mountain, Kern County; Davis, Yolo County; Pepperwood, Scotia, Yosemite. 10. securifera Coquillett. (see below 13 9 9 ). 11. varicornis (Loew). 4 9 9, Phoenix Lake, Taylor State Park, Marin County; Oak Grove, San Diego County. Of the above listed species, Aldrich did not include California records of julvipes and montana, and the present records are thus apparently new for the state. However, Aldrich listed the following 142 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 species from California, cinerea Johnson, cruenta Coquillett, pilosa Aldrich and trucis Coquillett, which I did not find in the Survey collection. Symphoromyia securifera coquillett Symphoromyia securifera Coquillett, 1904, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 6:171: Aldrich, 1915, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 49:140. Specimens examined : 12 Tanbark Flat, Los Angeles Coun¬ ty, California, June 20, 1950, J. W. MacSwain; 2 same locality, June 20 and 25, 1950, P. D. Hurd (in collections of U.S.N.M. and California Insect Survey). Aldrich’s description of securifera from a female collected by Osten Sacken in Sonoma County, California, differs so much from the type female described by Coquillett from Santa Clara County, that I believe it advisable to redescribe the species again based on fresh material. The type agrees with these Tanbark Flat speci¬ mens except that the legs are, as described by Aldrich, mostly yellow. Aldrich’s figure ll 2 , allegedly of the mid coxa of securifera, is referred by him in his later notes to johnsoni. This clump of modified black spines on the outer side of the mid coxa is found, as stated earlier in Aldrich’s paper (p. 114) in males of several species in the group with a concave third antennal segment. Female. Length 5.7 mm. Front half as wide as one eye, densely gray pollinose, with rather long, coarse, black pile; slightly bulging on each side below ocellar triangle, the latter on prominent elevation. First antennal seg¬ ment pollinose gray, short and slightly swollen, with coarse black pile; second segment less than a fourth as long as first; third segment pubescent black, concave below the black arista, much elongated below, its length equal to length of entire antenna to base of arista. Face bare, grayish-white pollinose; palpi orange-yellow, broad beyond middle, with whitish pile; labellae fleshy, blackish: beard white. Mesonotum densely gray pollinose, with coarse black pile rather short except long in front of scutellum; with three very marked brownish-black longitudinal vittae, the median vitta very narrow, the gray areas between this and lateral vittae subequal in breadth to that of the latter. Scutellum gray, with long black pile; pleura finely gray pollinose, with very fine whitish pile, propleura and metapleura with dense long white pile. Legs black; coxae gray pollinose, with dense white pile, mid coxae without spine-like clump of bristles; femora with very fine, short, white pile mixed with black pile on fore legs; fore and mid knees yellowish; fore and mid tibiae brown¬ ish; tarsi black. Wrings grayish hylaine, veins dark brown, becoming yellow¬ ish at base of wing. Haltereas entirely yellow. Abdomen densely gray polli¬ nose, tergites each with a rather elongated, median, brownish spot, those on posterior segments usually somewhat broader and less distinct; pile on first tergite and on venter white, on distal tergites black and coarse. 2 Likewise Aldrich's figures 4 and 5, p. 130, should refer to sackeni Aldrich, and not, as labeled, to kincaidi Aldrich. April, 1954] SLATER & KNIGHT-HEMIPTERA 143 THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF OLIGOTYLUS VAN DUZEE AND LEPTOTYLUS VAN DUZEE, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PSALLUS James A. Slater 1 and Harry H. Kntght 2 E. P. Van Duzee (1916) in his synoptic keys to the genera of North American Miridae described three new genera of the sub¬ family Phylinae for which no species were included. These genera were Strophopoda, Oligotylus and Leptotylus. Van Duzee assumed that these generic names were invalid in the above mentioned paper and noted that he intended to validate them later by the publica¬ tion of included species. He did this, however, only in the case of Strophopoda 3 by the description in 1921 of Strophopoda aprica. This species becomes the type species of Strophopoda by subse¬ quent designation. In the cases of Leptotylus and Oligotylus, no species have been included in these genera. Opinion 46 of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature establishes the principal that genera described without the inclusion of any species are valid. Leptotylus and Oligotylus therefore must be considered validly establish genera. It seems essential that type species be assigned to these generic names so that a type species inadver¬ tently or accidentally assigned may not cause the synonymy of well known generic names proposed subsequent to 1916. Dr. E. S. Ross of the California Academy of Sciences has kindly checked the Van Duzee collection of Miridae in an attempt to locate specimens bearing labels of either of these genera. Five specimens under the name Oligotylus 1 have been located and prove to pertain to a new species of Psallus described below. We hereby designate as type species of Oligotylus Van Duzee, Psallus brevi- tylus new species. Oligotylus Van Duzee 1916 is therefore a junior synonym of Psallus Fieber 1858. In the case of Leptotylus, no specimens under this name appear to be present in the Van Duzee collections. The type species of Leptotylus Van Duzee is here designated as Microphylellus longi- rostris Knight. This is a species that agrees in all essentials with the generic description of Leptotylus. Leptotylus Van Duzee 1916 is therefore a junior synonym of Microphylellus Reuter 1909. 1 Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Connecticut, Storrs. 2 Department of Zoology and Entomology, Iowa State College, Ames. 3 Carvalho (19521 dates Strophopoda from 1921, but as noted above the genus should actually date from 1916. 144 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXX, NO. 2 Psallus brevitylus Slater and Knight, new species General coloration black, second antennal segment and extreme apex of first segment light tan, second segment becoming darker brown on apical one-third, segments three and four dark brown; thoracic pleura narrowly margined with testaceous to dull white; femora dull testaceous marked with a series of large prominent, black spots and armed with conspicuous black spines; thickly clothed with decumbent, sericeous, flattened hairs, these inter¬ spersed with semierect blackened hairs, the latter abundant and conspicuous on upper surface of head. Head strongly declivent, much more abruptly so than in nigerrimus. Width across eyes .81 mm. (.78-.85), interocular space .43 mm.; rostrum short, length .85 mm., attaining posterior margin of mesosternum, basal seg¬ ment subequal to length of first antennal segment, length of this basal seg¬ ment .21 mm.; length antennal segments, I .21 mm., II .92 mm., Ill .58 mm. (.50-66), IV .31 mm. (28-.33). Length pronotum .71 mm., width pronotum 1.25 mm. (1.14-1.28)), length scutellum .61 mm. (57-.64). Lateral margins of corium moderately and evenly rounded, membrane exceeding apex of abdomen by distance caudad of apex of cuneus. Total length 3.51 mm. (3.27-3.69); maximum width across hemelytra 1.50 mm. (1.35-1.56). Hololype: Male, San Diego County, California, 5-20-13 (E. P. Van Duzee). In California Academy of Sciences collection. Allotype: San Diego County, California, 6-8-13 (E. P. Van Duzee). Same deposition as holotype. Paratypes: 3 males, same date as holotype and allotype. Deposited in the California Academy of Sciences and private collections of the authors. This new species is most closely related to nigerrimus (Van Duzee) with which species it agrees in coloration and particularly by the possession of the large black tibial spots and spines. It may readily be separated from nigerrimus by the much shorter rostrum that reaches only to the posterior margin of the mesosternum, whereas in nigerrimus the rostrum reaches or slightly exceeds the posterior coxae. In nigerrimus the basal segment of the rostrum is considerably longer than the first antennal segment (.36 to .21) whereas in brevity lus the two are subequal. In brevitylus the second antennal segment is light brown rather than black, the interocular space somewhat broader (brevitylus .43 mm., nigerrimus .36-.39 mm.), the black semierect hairs on the head more numerous and extending further anteriorly on the frons. The shape of the anterior portion of the head shows considerable difference in the two species being more strongly declivent in brevitylus and as a consequence less strongly produced forward. April, 1954 ] SNELLING—EXOMALOPIS 145 The authors wish to thank Dr. E. S. Ross of the California Academy of Sciences for his kindness in locating hte specimens of Psallus brevitylus in the Van Duzee collection. References Carvalho, J. C. M. 1952. On the major classification of the Miridae (Hemiptera). (With keys to subfamilies and tribes and a catalogue of the world genera.) Anais. Da Academia Brasil. Cien. 24: 31-111. Van Duzee, E. P. 1916. Synoptical keys to the genera of the North American Miridae. U. California Pubs. Ent., 1: 199-216. RECORDS OF EXOMALOPSIS SIDAE IN CALIFORNIA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) Roy R. Snelling Turlock, California During the summer of 1953, the author had the opportunity of collecting bees in Imperial County, California and the adjacent Mexicali Valley, Baja California, Mexico. During the six weeks of collecting spent in that area, the author collected quite a number of a small species of Exomalopsis which was presumed to be E. rifiventris Timberlake. However, when the author examined his collection and papers it was found to be Exomalopsis sidae Cocke- rell. In his recent revision of Exomalopsis, 1 Timberlake states that E. sidae is known only from the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico. How¬ ever, there seems to be little doubt that this is the same species, as the specimens collected by the author agree perfectly with New Mexico specimens. The revised distribution of Exomalopsis sidae Cockerell should now include Arizona, California, and Baja California, Mexico. New distributional data are as follows: Arizona: 1 $, Tucson, June 16, 1951 (E. 0. Johnson), on Sphaeralcea. California: 1 $,2 $ $, 1 mi. E. Calexico, Imperial Co., June 28, 1953 (R. R. Snelling), on Sida hederacea. Baja California, Mexico: a total of 13 females, 5 males from the following areas, from June 29 to July 17; 36 k. S. Mexicali, 7 k. NE. La Puerta, 12 k. SW. Mexicali, and Ejido Campeche, females on Sida hederacea, two males on Gossypium, all collected by the author. 1 Timberlake, P. H. 1947. Jour. New York Ent. Soc., 55 : 85-106. 146 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 MONODONTOMERUS MONTIVAGUS ASHMEAD, A PARASITE OF MEGACHILE CENTUNCULARIS (LINNAEUS) (Hymenoptera) A. E. Michelbacher and P. D. Hurd, Jr. University of California, Berkeley For many years the leaf cutting bee, Megachile centuncularis, has used the guide mechanism of a casement window in the home of the senior author in Berkeley, California, as a nesting site. Although there six similar windows, only the one has been consistently used. The groove of the metal guide is about 8 inches in length and has a diameter just sufficient to accommodate the cells. Then entire length of the groove is utilized in much the same manner as the insect makes use of a hollow stem. Of course, if the window is opened, the cells are crushed by the runner. However, if the window is only partly opened, a good portion of the cells can be removed without injury. During the 1953 nesting season, the bees were especially am¬ bitious, and after filling the groove with cells, the female in one manner or another constructed another series of cells along side of the metal groove. About March 15, 1954, the cells outside of the groove were examined. An end cell was broken open and it was found to be parasitized. The rest of the cells were held, and para¬ sites emerged from five out of nine in the series. The parasite was Moriodontomerus montivagus Ashmead. This is the first record of this parasite being reared from the genus Megachile. Muesebeck, et al, (1951) 1 listed the known hosts of this parasite as follows: Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) ; Anthidium emarginatum (Say) ; Dianthidium pudicum (Cress.) ; D. pudi- cum consimile (Ashm.) ; Osrnia cordata Robertson; Anthopliora abrupta Say; Anthophora linsleyi Timb.; A. occidentalis Cress.; Melissodes sp.; and Xylocopa orpifex Smith. As a matter of speculation, it is possible that cells constructed in the metal groove are protected from the parasite, while those which were built outside the groove were freely exposed to parasitism. 1 Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico—Synoptic Catalog. United States Department of Agriculture. Monograph No. 2:1-1420. 1951. April, 1954 ] LINDQUIST—BLOWFLIES 147 FLIES ATTRACTED TO DECOMPOSING LIVER IN LAKE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA Arthur W. Lindquist U.S.D.A.. Agr. Res. Adm., Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Various species of flies visiting decomposing organic materials are considered to be of economic importance. Phormia ragina (Meig.), Phaenicia spp., and Callitroga macellaria (F.), which breed in carrion, causes myiasis in soiled and moist wool of sheep. In addition, P. regina is an invader of wounds in warm-blooded animals and can be described as an obligatory necrobiot. These flies, as well as other species, cause damage by ovipositing on meat in abbatoirs, markets, and homes. Mechanical contamination of foods and the distribution of noxious bacteria and viruses to human food by these insects have long been considered to be of public-health importance. It is not generally recognized that, even though blow flies are enemies of man and animals, they are also of great benefit to mankind because they destroy dead animals and thus prevent unsanitary conditions. Without blow fly larvae to reduce and destroy the vast number of carcasses of wild and domestic animals an unsightly and odoriferous condition would prevail. Blow fly larvae can be prevented from developing in an animal carcass by spraying it with DDT, lindane, or other insecticides, but the stench from the carcasses is noxious and long-lasting. From 1938 through 1941 a study was made of the seasonal and relative abundance of the insects caught in a liver-baited trap in Lake County, California. The trap was a cone-type, screen-wire device (17 by 24 inches), almost identical with traps used by Par¬ rish and Cushing (1938). It was set 4 feet above the ground in partial shade about 30 feet from the shore of Clear Lake, near the town of Nice. This locality has an elevation of 1300 feet and is surrounded by mountains of the intercoastal range, some of which rise to an altitude of 4100 feet. The Sacramento Valley, with an elevation of 100 feet, lies approximately 50 air-line miles toward the east. On approximately the first and fifteenth day of each month the flies were removed from the trap and weighed, the volume determined, and the number of each species or genus ascertained in a random 10-gram sample. A total of 78 collections containing 148 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 844 quarts of flies was made. The data obtained have been sum¬ marized by months in Figure 1. Weather records from the official Weather Bureau station at Upper Lake, located 5 miles from Nice, were studied in relation to fly abundance. Phormia regina . This was the most abundant species through¬ out the spring, summer, and fall months. It accounted for about 40 to 88 per cent of the total flies taken during any month except in the winter. The greatest number caught during one month was 429,000 in May 1940. The total volume of all flies caught during this month was 76 quarts. Breeding conditions were ideal during the spring, with above-normal temperatures during most of May. This species was caught every month except December 1939 and December and February 1941, when cold, wet weather prevented fly activity. In Figure 1 it will be noted that the three most abundant species — Phormia, Phoenicia spp., and Callitroga macellaria —are pro¬ jected on a scale that is only one-fifteenth that of the other species. This was necessary in order to accommodate the data on one figure. Phoenicia spp.—These species were taken in most of the trap- jnng periods except during the winter. They accounted for approxi¬ mately 3 to 18 per cent of the flies caught during the warmer portion of the year. Callitroga macellaria (the secondary screw-worm fly) and C. hominivorax (Coq.) (the screw-worm fly). These were the most interesting flies encountered in this study. C. hominivorax is the primary species causing myiasis in warm-blooded animals. Neither of these species is indigenous to the area, but C. macellaria was caught every summer, whereas C. hominivorax was taken in only one season during the four years. The latter is a comparatively rare fly even in areas of high screw-worm incidence; the propor¬ tion of this species to C. macellaria in trap catches may be one to several hundred or thousand. Neither species has a true hibernating stage. Declining tem¬ peratures in the fall and winter either destroy all stages or lengthen the developmental period so that mortalities are high (Parrish 1945, Lindquist 1945). As the weather becomes warmer in the spring, the species migrate from areas in which they survived the winter. Mean temperatures of 49° to 54° F. for about three months have been found to destroy these species (Parman 1945, Lindquist 1945, Parrish 1945). / 939 19^0 I9UI Synltiti- iorr\yia. April, 1954] lindquist—blowflies 149 150 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 It appears likely that the winter of 1939-1940 was sufficiently mild so that C. macellaria at least survived as far north as Visalia, California. The mean temperatures for December, January, and February at this location were 5.7°, 4.8°, and 3.1°, respectively, above normal. The average mean was 52.3°, which may have per¬ mitted both species to survive. It appears likely that the early (June) appearance of C. macellaria in the trap at Nice is accounted /or by the overwintering of the species farther north than is usual in California. The species was first observed in the trap collections of July 17-30, 1939, June 14-30, 1940, and August 1-15, 1941. No specimens were ever found after December 15. During August, September, and October 1940 an enormous population had built up. In September 46 per cent of the entire catch was of this species. Stewart and Roessler (1942), reporting on work at Davis, California, found that this species appeared in liver-baited traps in late July 1936. It was the predominating fly during August, September, and October. Bruce and Knipling (1936) at Ames, Iowa, caught C. macellaria in liver-baited traps in June 1933 and 1934. The species had apparently migrated from overwintering areas in Texas. C. hominivorax was observed in the catch of flies taken during September 17-27, 1940. It is possible that the species was present in earlier trap collections, but because it is a relatively scarce insect and bears a close resemblance to C. macellaria it may have been overlooked. In the October 1-15 catch four specimens of C. macellaria were found in S 1 /^ quarts of the 32-quart catch, and one fly was found in the 10-gram sample examined from the October 15-30 catch of flies. No flies were found during November. A number of screw-worm cases were reported in the county during September and October. Larvae collected from the wounds of these domestic animals were identified as C. hominivorax. Ophyra spp. These flies were captured every trapping period over 7 to 8 months of each year. They constituted approximately 2 to 5 per cent of the total flies caught each month. As shown in Figure 1, this species was fourth in abundance. It is the last in a succession of flies to oviposit in carrion. The larvae perform the final clean-up of a carcass and appear to thrive on fat, ligamentous tissue, and slime that remain after other fly larvae have left. Sarcophaga spp. These flies were present in the trap catches April, 1954] LINDQUIST-BLOWFLIES 151 during the greater part of the year. The number taken in a month ranged from less than 1000 up to 8000. Musca domestica L. This species was captured each month from April through November. The number caught ranged up to 11,000 in a month and constituted up to 8.7 per cent of the total flies taken. Because this fly walks over foods in homes and res¬ taurants after visiting all sorts of decomposing matter, including carrion, it is one of the most dangerous enemies of man. Calliphora spp. These species are important because they fre¬ quently visit homes and contaminate meat by laying eggs on it. These flies predominated during the winter and accounted for 11 to 74 per cent of all flies taken during this period. Figure 1 shows that they are prevalent during the spring and fall but disappear almost entirely in the summer. Sylithesiomyia nudiseta. Late summer and fall was the opti¬ mum period of activity of this insect. It occasionally visits houses but is of little economic importance. Paralucilia wheeleri (Hough). This fly closely resembles C. macellarici and C. hominivorax. It appears to vary in numbers from year to year more than do some of the other species. Speci¬ mens were frequently observed in the catch but not in the 10-gram sample, which was too small to quantitatively measure low num¬ bers. For some unknown reason the incidence of the species was low during 1939 and higher during 1941. Deonier and Knipling (1940) reported on the distribution and life history of this species in Arizona. Miscellaneous flies—A considerable number of small Diptera were taken in nearly every trap. They accounted for 2 to 15 per cent of the various catches of flies. No attempt was made to segre¬ gate the different species. Literature Cited Bruce, W. G. and E. F. Knipling 1936. Seasonal appearance and relative abundance of flies attracted to baited traps. Iowa State Coll. Jour. Sci. 1(4): 361-366. Deonier, C. C., and E. F. Knipling 1940. The biology of Compsomyiops wheeleri (Hough) and description of the larva. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 33(3): 578-582. Lindquist, Arthur W., and W. L. Barrett 1945. Overwintering of Cochliomyia americana at Uvalde, Texas. Jour. Econ. Ent. 38(1): 77-83. 152 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 Parman, D. C. 1945. Effect ol weather on Cochliomyia americana and a review of methods of economic applications of the study. Jour. Econ. Ent. 38(1): 66-76. Parrish, H. E. 1945. Overwintering of Cochliomyia americana and C. macellaria at Menard, Texas. Jour. Econ. Ent. 38(1): 83-84. Parrish, H. E., and Emory C. Cushing 1938. Locations for blowfly traps: abundance and activity of blowflies and other flies in Menard County. Texas. Jour. Econ. Ent. 31(6) : 750-763. Stewart, M. A., and E. B. Roessler 1942. The seasonal distribution of myiasis-producing Diptera. Jour. Econ. Ent.. 35(3) : 408-411. A CASE OF REVERSE PREDATION IN THE CARABIDAE William V. Garner University of California, Berkeley On July 31, 1952 Dr. J. W. MacSwain collected three living larvae of Calosoma semilaeve LeConte for the author in a Ladino clover field at Artois, Glenn County, California. Each of the' speci¬ mens was placed in a small pill-box with a living prepupal noctuid larva as food, until arrival in Berkeley the following day. Upon examination in the laboratory it was found that two of the three carabids had been entirely consumed by their supposed prey. Immediate dissection of the cutworms showed their intestinal tract to be clean, indicating a very rapid digestion. Examination of fecal pellets from the pill-boxes, however, revealed many small pieces of chitin and identifiable portions, such as legs, head capsule, tergites and urogomphi. Whether the Calosoma larvae were attacked and killed, or whether they first died and were then consumed can only be con¬ jectured. It is well known, however, that cutworms are often highly cannibalistic, as are most Carabid larvae, particularly when con¬ fined to a limited amount of space. The literature is replete with examples of certain of the Carabidae feeding on cutworms and other lepidopterous larvae, but this is the first case to the author’s knowledge where the reverse is apparently true. April, 1954] HUSSEY-PSELLIOPUS 153 TWO NEW SPECIES OF PSELLIOPUS AND SOME DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) Roland F. Hussey Biology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville This paper is one of several now in preparation that are based upon material in the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, where the types of the new species are deposited. I wish here to express my deep appreciation to Dr. J. Speed Rogers, Director, and to Dr. T. H. Hubbell, Curator of Insects, for the privilege of working over the extensive collections of Hemiptera under their care. Among the thirteen species of Pselliopus in the col¬ lection, four appear to be undescribed. Two of these, from Arizona and from New Mexico, are represented by females only; the other two are described herewith. As in other recent papers, I have expressed all comparative measurements here in hundredths of a millimeter. Pselliopus karlenae Hussey, new species Length: 12.2-13.1 mm., width of pronotum 2.9-3.2 mm. Head black above, with a yellow mark above and in front of each eye and another at the side behind the eye, also a small yellow spot between the ocelli and a triangular one between the bases of the antennae; genae and gula yellow. First two antennal segments black, the others testaceous, first segment with three pale annuli of which the third is at the apex, second segment with a single pale ring at the middle; third segment with an obso¬ lete sub-basal fuscous ring. Rostrum yellow, the first segment with a large piceous spot on each side at the middle, the second with a piceous annulus at the base, the third with a narrow piceous line on the lower side. Anterior lobe of the pronotum black, the collar (including the anterior angles), an irregular vitta on each side of the middle line, and a rather large spot on each side yellow; posterior lobe yellow, finely and closely concolorously punctate, the lateral angles with a triangular black spot enclosing the black spines, this spot narrowed behind and sometimes joining the blackish spot at the middle of the explanate postero-lateral margins. Scutellum black on the basal half, with a tomentose white dot each side near the base, the broadly foliaceous apex yellow. Body above with fine, fairly thick, erect golden pubescence. Hemelytra translucent or transparent, brown, the cubital veins prominent, fuscous; corium and veins of the clavus rather thickly provided with short, curved golden hairs. Dorsum of the abdomen black; connexival segments above and below sanguineous, broadly banded with black on the anterior portion, the extreme anterior margin sometimes narrowly yellow. Under side yellow, the pleura largely black, each ventral segment with a narrow black band on the posterior margin and also on the front margin toward the sides. Pleura, coxae, and basal segments of the venter at the 154 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 sides with spots of white tomentum, the mesosternum densely white tomen- tose, the metasternum less so except at the sides. Femora and tibiae yellow, the femora with five black annuli (some of them more or less interrupted), the tibiae with three black annuli on the basal half and with an abbreviated brownish stripe on the apical half of the dorsal face. Male genital segment with two black stripes below on the posterior half, these uniting at the base of the median spine; parameres and median spine of hypopygium black. Head shorter than the pronotum (218:272), four-fifths longer than its own width across the eyes (218:120), gradually narrowed behind the eyes. Ratios of lengths of antennal segments IIV, 441:185:277:155. Pronotum smooth or nearly so, the punctures of the posterior lobe extremely shallow; median impression of the anterior lobe fairly deep, continued as a broad shallow depression onto the posterior lobe but not attaining the base of the latter. Humeral spines short, conical, directed outward, equalling or slightly surpassing the lateral angles. Postero-Ialeral margins rather narrowly expla- nate, strongly reflexed behind and lightly sinuate, produced as very short and rather wide lobular processes at the posterior angles. Hind margin of the pronotum most lightly convex before the scutellum. Disk of the scutellum with a Y-shaped ridge whose median (apical) arm is abbreviated behind, evanescent at about the middle of the scutellum; apical portion moderately broad, horizontal, its postero-lateral margins narrowly reflexed, vertical; apical portion less pilose than the basal part; total length of the scutellum one-third greater than that of the anterior lobe of the pronotum (147:110). Margin of the male hypopygium with a long, rather robust median spine which is bifurcate for only a short distance at the tip, the apices dis¬ tinctly divergent (Fig. 1). Parameres as seen from behind fusiform, rather strongly curved on the inner side, setulose near the pointed tips and scantily so on the inner side; when seen from the side the tips of the parameres are rather abruptly curved upward. Last tergite of the male abdomen strongly arched transversely to accommodate the hypopygial spine. Holotype male and allotype female: Honduras, Dept. Mor- azan, Mt. Caculatepe, ELEVATION 3700-4200 FEET, Aug. 6, 1948 (T. H. Hubbell). Paratypes (all collected by Dr. Hubbell) : 1 cf, 3 same data as the preceding; 1 Cerro Uyucaguatal, 4500— 5000 ft., July 12, 1948; 1 9, five kilometers southwest of Suyapa, 5300 ft., Aug. 5, 1948; also two paratypes, <$ and 9, from Mt. Caculatepe in my collection. These localities are all in the vicinity of the Escuela Agricola Panamericana at Zamorano, about 35 kilo¬ meters southeast of Tegucigalpa. The specimens from Mt. Cacula¬ tepe were taken by sweeping and by beating shrubbery, and numer¬ ous examples of P. zebra (Stal) were collected with them. This species is closely allied to P. zebra but is readily separable by the first antennal segment which bears three pale annuli instead of four, by the sanguineous areas on the connexival segments, by the male genitalia, and by the strongly arched last tergite of the April, 1954 ] HUSSEY—PSELLIOPUS 155 male abdomen. The specimens of zebra before me agree with Stal’s description in having the first antennal segment quadriannulate, and Champion, in the Biologia (Vol. 2, p. 247) implied that this is the usual condition, yet all three of his figures of zebra and EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Fig. 1 Pselliopus karlenae Hussey, Fig. 2 Pselliopus zebra (Stal), Fig. 3 Pselliopus latispina Hussey. At left, apex of male hypopygium, with median spine and parameres, and outline of last tergite of male abdomen, as seen from behind. At right, left paramere as seen from the side. 156 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 varieties (op. cit., PI. 15) show this segment as triannulate. In P. zebra (Fig. 2) the median spine of the hypogydial margin is cleft or sulcate on the apical third and the tips lie parallel and con¬ tiguous; the parameres are lightly clavate, blunt at the tips, and thickly pilose on all sides for some distance before the apex. P. karlenae may well have been confused with P. zebra in the past, particularly if only females were at hand, but I cannot identify it with any of the “varieties” described by Champion. The coloration of the anterior pronotal lobe (but not the posterior one) is quite similar to that shown by Champion in Fig. 5 of Plate 15, but in the present species the black color extends onto the sides to enclose a large yellow lateral spot. Pselliopus latispina Hussey, new species Length, c? 10.9 mm., ? 12.8—13.1 mm.; width of pronotum, cT 3.1 mm., $ 3.7—3.9 mm. Yellowish ochraceous (as in P. barberi Davis), the legs more yellowish, marked above with black as follows: the tylus entirely, two lines forming a V leading from the middle line between the eyes straight to the antennae, the dorsal portion of the head from the base of the swollen part to the middle of the eyes (except a round yellow spot between the ocelli), joined behind the ocelli with a broad vertical band on the side of the head, where a narrow black line extends forward from the lower edge of this band to the postero- ventral angle of the eye, an anterolateral spot on each side of the anterior pronotal lobe, a narrow transverse uneven line (sometimes obsolete) in the interlobular sulcus, the blunt humeral spines and a very narrow area around their bases, an oblique elongated marginal spot at the middle of the strongly reflexed postero-lateral margins of the pronotum, the basal part of the scutel- lum (which bears a subbasal spot of white tomentum at each side), and a black band (both above and below) at the basal third of each connexival segment, these bands abbreviated inwardly and widened outwardly to reach the anterior angles of their respective segments. Antennae colored as in P. karlenae; first two rostral segments marked as in that species, the third almost wholly black. Legs yellow, the femora with five narrow black bands of which the apical one is somewhat the widest; front and middle tibiae with four black bands; hind tibiae with three such bands on the basal half and with a blackish stripe on the anterior and the posterior faces of the apical half; tarsi dark brown. Ochraceous color of the abdominal tergites plainly visible through the translucent hemelytra, the clavus somewhat more embrowned than the corium or the membrane. Dorsum with rather short and sparse erect pilosity, the curved hairs on the hemelytra more sparse than in P. karlenae. Venter ochraceous, each segment narrowly banded with black on the anterior margin, and with a second, abbreviated, black band on about the outer fourth of its width, none of these bands reaching the inner margin of the connexivum; the abbreviated markings on the con- nexivum below dislocated with respect to the fasciae of the ventral segments. April, 1954] HUSSEY-PSELLIOPUS 157 Male genital segment with a pair of blackish spots on the ventral side before the apex. Head one-fourth shorter than the median length of the pronotum ( <$ 188:250), three-fifths longer than its own width across the eyes (188: 117), the interocular width more than twice the width of an eye (61:28). First antennal segment two and one-third times as long as the second, more than one-half longer than the third (350:150:220), and nearly twice as long as the head (350:188). First rostral segment attaining the middle of the eyes, slightly shorter than the second (93:100) when both are measured on the upper edge. Pronotum smooth or nearly so, the posterior lobe flattened _ but not or hardly depressed along the middle line, very finely but not thickly punctate, the punctures scarcely impressed, less thickly pilose than the anterior lobe. Anterior angles nodose-tuberculate; humeral spines blunt, directed slightly backward, not or scarcely surpassing the lateral angles; postero-lateral margins rather widely explanate, strongly rellexed and lightly sinuate, pro¬ duced at the posterior angles into finely punctulate lobules as long as the transverse width of an eye, inner margin of the lobules forming a right angle with the transverse posterior margin of the pronotum. Scutellum with a Y-shaped ridge on the basal part, the median (apical) arm of this Y evanescent at the middle of the scutellum but forming a con¬ spicuous pale calloused spot; produced apical portion rather broad, finely punctate, obliquely reflexed as seen from the side, with a deep cup-like impression before the apex, the postero-lateral margins moderately reflexed. Margin of the male hypopygium with a long, broadly triangular median spine which appears not to be sulcate or furcate; parameres very slender (Fig. 3). In the only male before me the spine is directed obliquely forward and upward under the last tergjte of the abdomen. Holotype male, Mexico, State of Hidalgo, 6.5. km. north of Durango on Camino Nacional no. 1, elevation 6500 feet, Aug¬ ust 29, 1948 (T. H. Hubbell). Allotype, 9 and one paratype MEXICO, State of Nuevo Leon, 15 miles north of Linares, Dec. 16, 1941 (I. J. Cantrall and J. J. Friauf), the paratype in my collection. Easily distinguished from the other species of Pselliopus before me by the much larger and more strongly produced posterior lobe¬ like processes of the postero-lateral margins of the pronotum. Other distinguishing characters are the almost complete absence of a median impression on the posterior lobe of the pronotum, and the interrupted and dislocated transverse black fasciae of the venter and connexivum below. In size and color, and also in the male genital characters, it is perhaps nearest to P. barberi Davis, but apart from the differences already indicated, this latter species has the para¬ meres somewhat longer and more strongly twice-curved, the scutel¬ lum is not obliquely reflexed on the apical part and lacks the cup- 158 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 like pre-apical impression, the transverse base of the pronotum is relatively wider, and the venter is without black bands. Pselliopus latifasciatus Barber Three specimens in the Michigan collection from Alachua County, Florida, constitute the first records of the species from that state. Pselliopus cinctus (Fabricius) In his “Heteroptera of Eastern North America” Blatchley (1926, p. 574) referred to this species as more southerly in its distribution than P. barberi, and stated that it had been taken only in the southern third of Indiana. The Museum of the ETniversity of Michigan has specimens from Lake County, Indiana, and from Cook County, Illinois, both of which border on Lake Michigan and lie in the northernmost part of their respective states. There is also one individual from southwestern Michigan, collected by G. Orton Sept. 7, 1949, in Allegan County (which also borders on Lake Michigan), approximately seven miles east of Saugatuck. This species has not been known before from Michigan. Atrachelus cinereus (Fabricius) In 1921 (Psyche, 28: 10) I reported the capture of two ex¬ amples of this species by the late A. W. Andrews in Wayne County, Michigan, during the summer of 1918. These still are the only specimens I have seen from Michigan or from adjacent areas. Rhinigia cinctiventris (Stal) The Michigan collection has one example from Clarke County, Alabama, taken by A, F. Archer in May, 1935, at Salt Mountain, six miles south of Jackson and approximately 50 miles north of Mobile. I believe this is the first record for this species east of the Mississippi River. LEPTIDIELLA BREVIPENNIS (MULSANT) REARED FROM TOYON (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) The minute introduced longhorn Leptidiella brevipennis (Mul- sant) has been recorded from California by Linhley (1934, Pan- Pacific Ent., 9 (4):170), and Middlekauff and Underhill (1949. Pan-Pacific Ent., 25(3) : 128). Mr. L. W. Swan obtained a new host and distributional record by rearing in 1950 a specimen (det. E. G. Linsley) from a native shrub, toyon or Christmas berry, Photinia arbutifolia , at Stanford ETniversity, Santa Clara Co., Cali¬ fornia. —Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. April, 1954] LEE-PHOTOTROPISM 159 THE ABSENCE OF NEGATIVE PHOTOTROPISM IN THE MEXICAN CHICKEN BUG, HAEMATOSIPHON INODORUS (DUGES) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Robert D. Lee Department of Entomology, School, of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda, California The nocturnal feeding habits of the common bedbug, Cimex lectularius Linn., and other species of the family Cimicidae are well known. In experiments with this species, the bugs were gen¬ erally fed in darkness (Johnson, 1942) or in partial darkness. C. lectularius will move toward the dark when subjected to a bright light (Kassianoff, 1937). In contrast to this R. E. Ryckman (per¬ sonal communication) has observed the feeding of Haematosiphon inodorus (Duges) on nestling barn owls in the presence of abun¬ dant light under field conditions. The owl nests were in cave-like holes ten to twelve feet down from the top of a 35 foot bank on the south side of the Santa Ana River near Norco, California. H. inodorus will feed on chickens in the laboratory in bright light. Because of these and other observations of the actions of this bug, it was decided to attempt to determine whether it does or does not exhibit a photonegative tropism. One hundred H. inodorus adults were taken at random from the main colony and placed in a jar with a screw-type lid; the jar was 7 inches long and 1% inches in diameter. One half of the length of the jar was painted black on the outside; the other end of the jar was left unpainted. The jar was placed on a light back¬ ground under an inverted aquarium. Two 200-watt lights were placed approximately 12 inches from the middle of the jar just outside the aquarium. The aquarium served to reduce the radiation of heat between the light source and the jar containing the bugs, thereby tending to decrease any tropism to heat which the insects might show. A nearly light-proof room was used in which to conduct the experiment. The bugs were concentrated in the painted area by tapping that end of the jar while it was held lower than the unpainted area. The jar was then quickly placed under the aquarium. For five minutes the lights were switched on simultaneously. Twelve bugs had moved into the unpainted area during the dark period. After five minutes of light, another dozen bugs joined this group. Occasionally one or two bugs would run into the darkened portion of the jar but would either run out again or be replaced by one or 160 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2 two other bugs. After the lights had been on for ten minutes, the number in the unpainted area was approximately the same. No fear of the light seemed to be indicated. Copulation by several pairs took place. There was an unsuccessful attempt by some to climb the walls of the jar. The experiment was repeated with the procedure reversed; the bugs were concentrated in the light end of the jar before the five minute period of darkness. When the lights went on, apparently only a very few had shifted to the painted end of the jar during the dark period. After five minutes of light, the bugs seemed to be grouped toward the end of the unpainted area away from the dark. A number again were seen copulating in the light. At the end of ten minutes of light, only a very few had moved into the painted, dark portion of the jar. A similar experiment was set up involving one hundred Cimex lectularius adults. The bugs were concentrated in the dark end of the jar, and the experiment was conducted as before. At the end of the five minute dark period, five insects were seen in the clear area. At die end of the first five minute light period, there were still only five Cimex in the unpainted end of the jar. After ten minutes of light, this number had dropped to two. During the time the light was on, a few individuals were seen to come from the dark zone, go into the unpainted area, and then go back to the dark zone. The Cimex were then concentrated in the unpainted area and quickly put under the aquarium. The lights were turned off for five minutes as before. When the lights were turned on after five min¬ utes of darkness, the large maj ority of Cimex were still in the clear area. After five minutes of light, only nine bugs were still in the unpainted zone. From these experiments, from the observations of Ryckman in the field, and from observations of the general lack of negative reaction of the insect to the light in the laboratory, H. inodorus appears to exhibit an absence of the negative phototropism seen in Cimex lectularius. In fact, H. inodorus may be said to show a slight positive phototropism. Johnson, C. G. Literature Cited 1942. The ecology of the bed-bug, Cimex lectularius L., in Britain. Jour. Hyg. 41(4): 345-461. Kassianoff, L. 1937. Etude morphologique et biologique de la famille des Cimicides. Ann. Parasit. hum. comp. 15(5) : 385-408. Announcing ... REVISION OF THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY TETRANYCHIDAE By A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker This world-wide treatment (300 pp., 330 figs.) of the “Red Spider’' is the second volume in the Memoirs Series of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. Each species is beautifully illustrated in the inimitable style of E. W. Baker. The work deals with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders”. Synoptic keys have been prepared, descriptions are presented for all the species including the major agriculture pests, and some twenty species are described as new. Publication date December, 1954 Special Prepublication Price: $9.00 Please place my order for.copy(ies) at the special prepublication price of $9.00. Name Address Send prepublication orders to: Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Golden Gate Park 18, San Francisco PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS MANUFACTURERS AND PROCESSORS • Sulphur • Insecticides • Fertilizers • Seeds Home Office and Plant Sunland Ave. Fresno, California P. O. Box 1669 Phone Fresno 2-4113 11 two great insecticides . . . CHLORDANE CONTROLS THESE INSECTS Ants, Armyworms, Blister Beetles, Boxelder Bugs, Brown Dog Ticks, Cabbage Maggots, Cattle Lice, Chiggers, Chinch Bugs, Cockroaches, Cotton Boll Weevils, Crickets, Cutworms, Earwigs, Fleas, Flies, Grasshoppers, Household Spiders, Japanese Beetle Larvae, Lawn Moths, Lygus Bugs, Mole Crickets, Mormon Crickets, Mosquitoes, Onion Maggots, Onion Thrips, Plum Curcuho, Sarcoptic Mange, Seed Corn Maggots, Serpentine Leaf Miners, Sheep Ked, Silverfish, Sod Webw'orms, Southern Com Rootworms, Strawberry Crown Borers, Strawberry Weevils, Sweet Clover Weevils, Tarnished Plant Bugs, Termites, Ticks, White Grubs, Wireworms , , . and many others HEPTACHLOR CONTROLS THESE INSECTS Alfalfa Weevils, Ants, Argentine Ants, Cotton Boll Weevils, Cabbage Maggots, Chinch Bugs, Corn Borers (European), Corn Rootw'orms, Cotton Thrips, Cowpea Curculio, Crickets, Cucumber Beetles, Cutworms, European Chafer, Eye Gnats, Fleas, Flea Beetles, Garden Webworms, Grasshoppers, Japanese Beetles, Leaf Miners, Lygus Bugs, Mormon Crickets, Mosquitoes, Narcissus Bulb Flies, Onion Maggots, Onion Thrips, Plum Curculio, Rapid Plant Bugs, Screw worms, Seed Corn Maggots, Serpentine Leaf Miners, Spittle Bugs, Sugar Beet Root Maggots, Sweet Clover Weevils, Tarnished Plant Bugs, Tobacco Flea Beetles, Tomato Fruitworms, Tuber Flea Beetles, Turnip Maggots, Western Harvester Ants, White Grubs (June Beetles), Wirew'orms . . . and many others. WRITE FOR FULL PARTICULARS VELSICOL CORPORATION Division of Arvey Corporation General Offices and Laboratories Export Division 330 East Grand Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois 100 East 42nd Street, New York 17, New York REPRESENTATIVES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES Ill For complete, accurate, up-to-date information on PARATHION and MALATHION (also known as malathon) direct your inquiries to the developer of these important broad-spectrum insecticides... AMERICAN Curniamkl COMPANY ® Manufacturer of ‘Jfrjoptios Parathion Technical and MALATHION Technical AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS DIVISION 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y. iV that guaids crops and Du Pont fuels the "JET" O ne device that symbolizes today’s practical scien¬ tific farms is the sprayer, spouting chemicals froha one "jet” or from twenty. High pressure or low, 3-gallon or 1000-gallon, it is a sign of modern times in agriculture. Why is this true? Because today specialized farm chemicals used in sprays are important to every kind of farming. Chemical sprays are used to: INSECTICIDES: epn 300, mar¬ inate* methoxychlor, DEE- NATE* DDT, LEXONE* benzene hexachloride, KRENITE* dinitro spray, Du Pont Cotton Dusts, Du Pont Dairy Cattle Spray and Dairy Bam Insecticide, Du Pont Livestock Spray & Dip No, 30. Kill flies and mosquitoes on livestock, in barns and other farm buildings. Control the insects and diseases that attack fruit and vegetables, cotton and corn, hay and pasture. Kill the weeds in fields and fencerows and the brush in rangeland, pasture and woodland. Many new spray chemicals as well as other products for the farm have been developed through Du Pont re¬ search. They have been tested and proven through the work of Du Pont scientists and technicians with the cooperation of schools and experiment stations and prac¬ tical farmers. You can look to Du Pont for chemicals to guard your crops and make your farm more productive. On oil chomicoli o/woyi follow diroctioni for application . Whir* warning or ton- tion Hatomenh on ui* of Iht product art glron, rood thorn carefully. ■US. U.S. PAT. Off FUNGICIDES: MANZATE.t par- ZATE* (nabam and zineb), FER- MATE* (ferbam), ZERLATE* (zi- ram), Copper-A (fixed copper), SULFORON* and SULFORON*- X wettable sulfurs. WEED AND BRUSH KILLERS: CMU, AMMATE,* 2,4-D, TCA and 2, 4,5-T. FEED SUPPLEMENTS: delster- OL* Vitamin D 3 ("Deactivated animal sterol), Methionine amino acid. SEED DISINFECTANTS: arasan* for corn, grass, legumes, peanuts, vegetables, sorghum, rice; CERE- SAN* for cotton and small grains. •mo. u. ». p*t. omco triADI MARK BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER L I V I N G . .. TH* O U G H CHEMISTKY gfsl* Trouble for crop pests starts here '3j V. Mb «. it m • fi i l * 1 . J |t tk., * fell i -<* JL » Ml i ♦ r t Glance behind the agricultural research scene at Rohm & Haas and you would say: "The future is going to be rough on farm pests.” And you would be right! Development of agricultural chemicals is hitting a faster pace than ever at the company’s laboratories and experimental farms. Hornworms and the red-banded leaf roller are kept under control by Rhothane; plant diseases are checked by Dithane. Many pests on the farm must still be licked. But for every one, intensive research will ultimately spell control. CHEMICALS FOR AGRICULTURE ROHM e HAAS COMPANY WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA 5, PA. Hep mentalities in principal foreign countries DITHANE Fungicides DDT Insecticides LETHANE—fast knockdown agent in household and livestock sprays. RHOTHANE (DDD or TDE) Insecticides TRITON emulsifiers are offered in a wide selection for the emulsification of many organic pesticides used today. WEED KILLERS 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T herbicides 2,4-D acid Butyl and Isopropyl ester concentrates Capryl ester low volatile formulations Amine salt of 2,4-D Ester formulations Brush killer formulations containing capryl esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Dithane, Lethane, Rhothane and Triton are trademarks, Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. and in prin¬ cipal foreign countries. THERE’S AN Eston Insecticide for every farm need ... MULTI-FILM "L "L" STANDS FOR LIQUID ESTABLISHED 1920 2598 TAYLOR STREET Manufacturers of Spreaders • SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA - Deposit Builders for Agricultural Sprays Colloidal Products Corporation A SPREADER and DEPOSIT BUILDER that really WETS and still DEPOSITS MULTI-FILM "L" ADDS A PLUS VALUE TO NEW ORGANIC PESTICIDES ALKRON® parathion formulations ARATRONt new miticide containing aramite BROMOFUME® EDB soil fumigants ESTONMITE® miticide-ovicide ESTONATE® 50% DDT liquids and powders ESTONOXf toxophene formulations MALAPHOSf malathon formulations METHYL BROMIDE space fumigant TETRON® TEPP formulations ALDRIN & DIELDRIN liquid and dry formulations TUMBLE-WEEDf non-selective herbicides f Trade Mark A.P.&C.C. SALES REPRESENTATIVES IN ALL MAJOR AGRICULTURAL AREAS American Potash & Chemical Corporation ESTON CHEMICALS DIVISION 3100 EAST 26TH STREET, LOS ANGELES 23, CALIFORNIA CHEMICALS SINCE FOR YEAR-ROUND FRUIT and VEGETABLE PROTECTION Insecticides Sulphurs Fungicides Parasiticides Stauffer Knapsack Duster A TIME-HONORED NAME IN CHEMICALS Vlll BLACK LEAF PRODUCTS DIVISION of the VIRGINIA-CARQUNA CHEMICAL CORP. formerly TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS AND CHEMICAL CORP. (The World's Largest Manufacturers of Nicotine Products) BLACK LEAF 40 The Standard for Generations for Control of Many Insects It Is Easy on Friendly and Beneficial Insects Other BLACK LEAF Products Include A Full Line of Agricultural Chemicals and Concentrates ★ SAN JOSE OFFICE: 1214 Bayshore Highway (California) dieldrin Tops in Versatile Insect Control! Yes, versatility is one of the chief assets of dieldrin. The use range of this insecticide grows more and more im¬ pressive each month. Acceptances have been obtained for control of insects in the following orders: Coleoptera Boll weevil White grubs Tuber flea beetle larvae Japanese beetle grubs European chafer grubs Green June beetle larvae Alfalfa weevil—adult Plum Curculio Lepidoptera Fall armyworm Cutworm—certain species Pale western cutworm Homoptera Cotton fleahopper Orthoptera Grasshoppers Thysanoptera Thrips on cotton Gladiolus thrips Onion thrips Diptera Onion maggot Housefly adults Mosquito adults and larvae Salt-marsh sandfly larvae Hymenoptera Imported fire ant Red harvester ant Hemiptera Tarnished plant bug Southern green stink bug Rapid plant bug Lawn chinch bugs Say’s plant bug Brown cotton bug Lygus bugs Stink bugs Siphonaptera Fleas Isoptera Termites (Experimental Use Only) Dermaptera Earwigs SHELL CHEMICAL C0RP0KATI0H AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS DIVISION P. O. Box 1617, Denver 1, Colorado Atlanta • Houston • New York • San Francisco St. Louis • Jackson, Miss. PACIFIC DISCOVERY An illustrated magazine of natural sciences published by the CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES San Francisco 18 , California INSECTS CLOSE UP By EDWARD S. ROSS This 81-page book with 125 figures, many of which are in color, is a must for anyone in- interested in insects or photogra¬ phy. The book is, without a doubt, the most excellent of its kind. SEND ORDERS TO UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY 4, CALIF. Price $1.50 Cloth $2.25 9n jMi U)&tk U)hsM OhdinaJU} (pahedhism. 'YYlai} Ss (pMMjrfincf (pAobJknu, (Dotii Ovsudook. SAFER . . . Continuing laboratory and field tests prove ORTHOPHOS 4 Spray has reduced toxocity in respect to skin penetration of Parathion. MORE CONCENTRATED .. . Although this is a safer Parathion, it has twice the concentration of most formulations— contains 4 lbs. of Parathion per gallon. MRE EFFECTIVE .. . Improved wetting qualities give better coverage of plants and insects. This is important cost-wise, since less material may be required to get results. VAPOTONE-XX Spray and VAPOTONE Dusts ... ORTHO's special TEPP formulations. Leave no poisonous resi¬ dues, so are accepted as the ideal pre-harvest control for fruit and field crops. TM's Ortho, Orthophos, Vapotone, Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. CALIFORNIA SPRAY-CHEMICAL Corp. RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA Medina, New York • Linden, New Jersey Goldsboro, North Carolina • Fennville, Michigan • Orlando, Florida • Shreveport, Louisiana • Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Maryland Heights, Missouri • Caldwell, Idaho • Portland, Oregon • Sacramento, California • San Jose, California • Fresno, California • Whittier, California • Phoenix, Arizona. m y V.V s« to proESi reduced damage from insects and disease, plus higher profits from more top quality fruit, produce, and livestock. Niagara offers Western growers additional help through a series of Field Service Bulletins which con¬ tain local insect and disease con¬ trol recommendations for every crop in every agricultural region. If you wish copies for your own information, without obligation, write Niagara Chemical Division, Richmond, Calif., Dept. 151 Niagara’s planned protection pro¬ gram assures Western growers of top profits from every crop for two reasons. First is the skill and experience of research chemists, entomologists and trained labora¬ tory workers, expressed in the su¬ perior control powers of Niagara materials. Second is the expert knowledge of local growing con¬ ditions and infestations, supplied by Niagara Field Representatives. This combination, checked and proven by years of actual use, gives doubled-barreled results in INSECTICIDES • FUNGICIDES • HERBICIDES • LIVESTOCK SPRAYS & DIPS CHEMICAL DIVISION RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA • HOME OFFICE - MIDDLEPORT. NEW YORK Vol. XXX JULY, 1954 No. 3 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist CONTENTS JENSEN—Notes of the potato psyllid, Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc)..161 CAMRAS—A new species of Zodion from California.165 JEWETT—New stoneflies from California and Oregon.167 BOUDREAUX—New species of Tetranychid mites.181 SEIDEL—Two new dipteran parasites of Autographa californica.186 DENNING—New species of Lepidostoma.187 ROSENSTIEL—Another weevil injurious to strawberries.194 MOORE—Notes on Endeodes LeConte with a description of a new species from Baja California.„...195 HURD—A polytypic interpretation of the California carpenter bee Xylocopa californica with the description of a new subspecies and notes on a possible polytopic form.199 ROZEN—Morphological description of the larva of Oreopasites van- duzeei Cockerell..._...203 MOORE—An efficient method of collecting dung beetles.208 BAILEY—A review of the genus Rhipidothrips Uzel...209 PITELKA—Use of bird nest by bumblebee...220 CAUSEY—New records and species of millipedes from the western United States and Canada.....221 BELKIN—The dorsal hairless setal ring of mosquito pupae.227 ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE .179 BOOK NOTICE.208 SAN FRANCESCO, CALIFORNIA • 1954 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor R. L. Usincer E. S. Ross H. B. Leech R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed¬ ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution. Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4, Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address, requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed to the treasurer. Dr. R. C. Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 18, Calif. Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year in advance. Price for single copies, $1.00. Make checks payable to “Pan-Pacific Entomologist,” Announcing . . . REVISION OF THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY TETRANYCHIDAE by A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker This world-wide treatment (300 pp., 330 figures) of the “Red Spiders” is the second volume in the Memoirs Series of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. Each species is beautifully illustrated in the inimitable style of E. W. Baker. The work deals with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders”. Synoptic keys have been prepared, descriptions are presented for all species including the major agricultural pests, and some twen¬ ty species are described as new. Publication date—December, 1954. Special Prepublication Price: $9.00. Send orders to: Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park 18, San Francisco. Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the post office at San Francisco, under act of August 24,1912. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. XXX July, 1954 No. 3 NOTES ON THE POTATO PSYLLID, PARATRIOZA COCKERELLI (SULC) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) D. D. Jensen University of California, Berkeley The potato psyllid, Paratrioza cockereili (Sulc), sporadically has been a major pest of potatoes and less frequently of tomatoes in Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Nebraska, and North Dakota. It causes a destructive disease of these plants known as psyllid yellows, which is due to the feeding of the nymphs. The disease symptoms closely resemble those caused by virus, but psyllid yellows apparently results from a toxin rather than a virus introduced by the nymphs. Considerable work has been done on the relation of the insect to the disease and on the host plants and life history of the psyllid in the areas of greatest damage. However, the site of overwintering and the source of the adult psyllids which infest the early potatoes and other host plants in May and June in the Rocky Mountain states have remained uncertain. The best available evidence in¬ dicates that the potato psyllid only rarely survives the winter out of doors in the regions subject to the greatest summer damage. (Wallis, 1946; Pletsch, 1947.). Romney (1939) reported that P. cockereili breeds abundantly on Lycium andersonii A. Gray from January to May in the semi- desert areas of southern Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas below 3,000 feet. He states that the adults disappear from these plants by the middle of June. In late October or November an influx of adults returns to Lycium from an unknown source. He suggests that the psyllids produced during the winter in the southern breed¬ ing area migrate north and provide the population which infests the fields of Colorado in May and June. He derived additional evidence for this idea from the fact that the beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker), is known to make such a movement north and both species were taken in insect traps used in studying the beet leafhopper. The psyllids are believed to leave the winter breeding plants in the spring because these plants dry up. Moreover the high summer temperatures in many of the southern areas are lethal to 162 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 the psyllid, particularly in the egg and nymphal stages. Current records are adding strong circumstancial evidence for Romney’s suggestion that potato psyllids migrate in May and June to the Rocky Mountain States from winter breeding areas in the Southwest. Wallis (1954) reported that in March 1954 the psyllid popula¬ tions on Lycium in southwestern Texas, southern New Mexico, Arizona, southern California, and southern Nevada were much higher than at any time in the past 10 years. The number of adults per 100 sweeps ranged from 28 in southern Nevada to 128 in Arizona. He cautioned that if weather conditions were right for a northward movement of the psyllids in May and June this could be an epidemic year in some of the northern potato and tomato growing areas. The Cooperative Economic Insect Report (U.S.D.A.) for May 28, 1954 (Vol. 4, No. 21) carries an indication that a large influx of psyllids did occur into eastern Colorado during the middle of May. “ Colorado . Averaging 87 adults per 100 sweeps and many eggs laid. During the 6 days preceding May 20, large movement of adults into eastern counties. Strong indications that an epidemic season may be developing (Daniels). Utah. Increased abundance in some localities on matrimonyvine. On basis of 100 sweeps follow¬ ing collected this week: Bountiful 8; Grainger 12, Bennion 8, Spanish Fork 4 to 12, Fayette 12, Centerfield 28, Gunnison 92, (Knowlton). Arizona. [Psyllids] Left potato areas of Pinal and Maricopa counties. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.)” Whether the disappearance of psyllids from Pinal and Maricopa Counties in Arizona was due to migration or death of the psyllids was not reported. U. S. Weather Bureau records show that tempera¬ tures in this area reached as high as 114° F. with an average daily maximum of 93° during May, 1954. According to List (1939) the optimum temperature for P. cockereUi is 80 degrees and tempera¬ tures over 90 degrees are severely deleterious. He noted also that '■‘high temperatues make the adults very restless and may cause them to take flight and thus reach air currents that carry them great distances.” Certain recent collections of Paratrioza cockerelli adults in Cali¬ fornia and Nevada are of interest in connection with the over¬ wintering of the species and because of the preference indicated july, 1954 ] JENSEN-POTATO PSYLLID 163 by the adults for certain plants outside of the Solanaceae—the family to which all known breeding host plants belong. On April 2, 1951, P. D. Hurd and J. W. MacSwain (University of California, Berkeley ) found adult potato psyllids on Ephedra sp. (Gnetaceae) in great abundance at Cima, San Bernardino County, California. The presence of the psyllids on this plant appeared to he more than mere random chance because comparatively few psyllids were found on other plant species in this relatively barren area. Two years later, on April 1, 1953, Dr. MacSwain found adult psyllids in incredibly large numbers at an elevation of 5,000 feet in the Charleston Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, approximately 20 miles northwest of Las Vegas. In this area the night tempera¬ ture reached freezing during this period. The very dark-colored adults were present on certain plants, such as Arctostaphylos pungens and Garry a jlavescens, in such numbers that two sweeps of the net against the side of a bush yielded over one thousand adults when shaken down into the bottom of the net and emptied into a bottle. The population on Ptnus monophylla was heavy but not as dense as on Arctostaphylos or Garrya. The population on Juniperus U tahensis was light to moderate and that on Larreya tridentata was light. Certain plants, such as Cercocarpus, were comapratively free of psyllids. The breeding hosts and origin of these psyllids are unknown. Those collected at Cima, in 1951, were apparently migrating be¬ cause there were no solanaceous plants in the vicinity on which they could have bred. Although Clokey (1951) lists Nicotiana, Datura, Physalis, Solarium and Lycium andersonii as solanaceous plants occuring in the Charleston Mountains, it seems improbable that this large population of psyllids had been produced locally as a spring generation. The breeding hosts (primarily Lycium ander¬ sonii) occur at approximately 4,000 feet elevation, and it is un¬ likely that the winter climate in this area would have been mild enough to produce the high populations found at 5,000 feet April 1, on plants which were not breeding hosts of the psyllid. It seems more probable that the psyllids collected at Cima and in the Charleston Mountains were produced elsewhere in southern California and southern Nevada and had been carried north by wind currents. 164 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 Romney’s observations of potato psyllid disappearance from southern Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in the spring, and an influx in the fall seems to have its parallel in southern California as well. Dr. R. C. Dickson, University of California, Riverside, in¬ formed the writer that he checked certain solanaceous plants in the Imperial Valley every two weeks during the late summer and fall of 1952 for insects and virus diseases. He found that Lycium plants at Niland, Avhich had been free of psyllids two weeks earlier, were heavily infested with adult psyllids early in November. According to U. S. Weather Bureau records, air movements associated with storm centers and about high pressure areas could theoretically explain the movement of psyllids in wind currents between the southern California-Arizona area and the Inter- Mountain region. In the fall months, high pressure areas commonly occur in the Great Basin, typically in* Nevada. These result in a flow of air across southern Idaho, Utah, Arizona, and out to sea across south¬ ern California. This air movement frequently develops into winds, sometimes called Santa Ana winds, which result from the air be¬ coming funneled down some of the canyons south of the Tehachapi Mountains. Such air movement could transport adult psyllids from the Inter-Mountain States to the southwestern areas. In the spring, the high pressure areas more commonly occur in the midwest and the flow of air is in the opposite direction, mov¬ ing from southern California into the Inter-mountan States. Populations of psyllids overwintering or being produced in the southwest during the winter and spring months could be trans¬ ported into the Inter-mountain regions during May and June. The feasibility of the idea that psyllids might be carried long distances in the air is supported by the fact that Click (1939), collecting insects by airplane in Durango, Mexico, took P. cock- erelli more frequently than any other insect species at all altitudes from 100 feet to 4,000 feet. Other recent collections of the potato psyllid from non- cultivated areas include the following: adults abundant on Phacelia sp., 7 miles east of Walker Pass, Kern County, California, April 25, 1952 (P. D. Hurd, Jr.) ; adults on Lepidospartum squamatum , 30 miles east of Sells, Pima County, Arizona, October 29, 1952 (E. G. Linsley and R. F. Smith) ; a few adults taken on Artemisia tridentata, Pinus flexulis, and P. aristata, White Mountain Station July, 1954 ] CAMRAS—ZODION 165 (10,200 feet elevation), Mono County, California, April 25, June 23, 1953 (J. W. MacSwain). It is hoped that by calling attention to this interesting problem, more entomologists in the western states will make observations and collections which may aid in clarifying this aspect of the potato psyllid's ecology. REFERENCES Clokey, Ira W. 1951. Flora of the- Charleston Mountains, Clark County, Nevada. Univ. Calif. Pub. in Botany 24:1-274. Click, P. A. 1939. The Distribution of Insects, Spiders, and Mites in the Air, U.S. D.A. Tech. Bull. 673, 151 pp. List, G. M. 1939. The Effect of Temperature upon Egg Deposition, Egg Hatch and Nymphal Development of Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc). Jour. Econ. Ent. 32:30-36. Pletsch, D. j. 1947. The. Potato Psyllid, Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc), Its Biology and Control. Montana Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 446. Romney, V. E. 1939. Breeding Areas oi the Tomato Psyllid, Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc). jour. Econ. Ent. 32(1) : 150. Wallis, R. L. 1946. Seasonal Occurence of the Potato Psyllid in the North Platte Valley. Jour. Econ. Ent. 39(6) :689-694. 1954. Potato Psyllid Numerous in Southern Breeding Areas. U.S.D.A. Coop. Econ. Insect Report 4(13) :256. A NEW SPECIES OF ZODION FROM CALIFORNIA (Diptera: Conopidae) Sidney Camras Chicago , Illinois' Examination of the Conopidae of the California Insect Survey, University of California through the courtesy of P. D. Hurd, Jr., reveals the following new species from the extreme south and southeastern part of California. Zodion californicum Camras, new species Vertex black; ocelli and vertex at anterior margin of ocellar triangle brownish. Front, face, and cheeks yellow; the front brighter, and the cheeks more silvery pollinose. Antennae dark brown, the distal lower half of the The pan-pacific entomologist [vol. xxx, no. 3 166 second segment yellowish. Second segment about 3 X length of the retracted first segment. Third segment about one-half length of second. Arista black. Proboscis black, about 1 1/3 X head height. Occiput gray. Thorax gray pollinose with narrow black median line. Faint narrow submedian lines present anteriorly. Sublateral lines fused with lateral spots, making dorsum of thorax predominently black. Scutellum with six marginal bristles. Legs gray with yellowish at apices of femora and bases of tibiae. Proximal tarsal segments brownish, distal segments black. Pulvilli and claws yellow; tips of claws hlack. Wings hyaline, suffused with dusky. Calypters whitish; halteres yellowish. First posterior cell open. Abdomen gray pollinose, first segment blackish dorsally. Second and third segments with dorsal tri¬ angular black marks pointing anteriorly, and black marks anterolaterally, giving the pollinose areas an oblique pattern. Fourth segment with two dark marks distally. Fifth and sixth segments with narrow black transverse lines at base, and sixth segment with similar line at apical margin. Genital seg¬ ments shining black. Genital plate very short and thick. Size 81/2 mm. Holotype ?: California: Ripley, Riverside County, 26. VI. 46, W. F. Barr, (sweeping alfalfa), University of California Collec¬ tion. Deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Paratype $ California: Blythe, Riverside County, 22. VI. 46, W. F. Barr (Uni¬ versity of California). Similar to holotype, but black areas darker and slightly more extensive, especially on the antennae. Size 7.5 mm. Paratype $. California: Ripley, Riverside County, 2. VII. 46, W. F. Barr (author’s collection). Similar to holotype, but black areas paler. Vertex and dark areas on proximal segments of abdo¬ men partly brownish. Size 8.5 mm. Paratype $. California: Barrett Springs, San Diego County, 20. IV. 50, J. W. MacSwain (University of California). Similar to holotype, but dark areas paler, antennae and front slightly rufous. Second and third antennal segments equal. Cheeks very laige, equal to eye height. Lateral spots on thorax nearly absent leaving dorsum of thorax predominantly gray pollinose. Legs predominantly black. Distal abdominal segments more black, less pollinose. Proboscis longer, about one and two-thircls x head height. Size 9 mm. This species is related to obliquefasciatum differing by the complete absence of any rufous coloration. From cyanescens it differs immediately by the absence of bluish coloration, and from albonotatum by the lack of yellow pollen and different pattern of the abdomen. Literature Cited Camras, S. 1943. Notes on the North American Species of the Zodion Oblique- fasciatum Group. Entomological News 54:187-191. July, 1954] JEWETT—STONEFLIES 167 NEW STONEFLIES FROM CALIFORNIA AND OREGON (Plecoptgra) Stanley G. Jewett, Jr. 7742 S. E. 27th Avenue , Portland, Oregon In studying a large number of stoneflies from western North America, collected by the writer and others, several new species have been found, the sexes have been associated for several species, and it seems necessary to propose new generic or subgeneric names for certain forms. Fourteen such species, of which eight are new, are treated below. The writer is indebted to Dr. E. S. Ross, California Academy of Sciences, Dr. Robert L. Usinger, University of California, and to Mr. Harry P. Chandler, California Fish and Game Department, for sending material upon which a part of this paper is based. Peltoperla (Soliperla) thyra Needham and Smith 1916. Peltoperla thyra Needham and Smith, Can. Ent., 48:87, male. 1925. Peltoperla thyra Needham and Claassen, Monog. Plecop., pp. 170-171. 1952. Peltoperla (Soliperla) thyra Ricker, Syst. Studies Plecop., p. 157, placed in new subgenus Soliperla. Among material of Soliperla from the collection of the California Academy of Sciences are two males and five females which are considered to he specifically identical with the type of P. thyra from Nevada. Dr. Henry Dietrich of Cornell University kindly loaned the type of thyra for examination, and it agrees with the males from California in all details except that the sclerotized structure of the aedeagus in ventral view appears to be composed of a single pair of smooth-surfaced appendages, divergent at the tips and tapering to sharp points, whereas the California males have a small pointed spine or tooth midway between the base and tip of each long appendage. The ninth segment of the type of thyra is mounted on a slide, and the details of the aedeagal structure are not clearly visible; auxiliary spines may be present but are not readily seen. Female. —In general features similar to the male except for slightly larger size. The subgenital plate is produced over the ninth sternite and is very similar to that of P. campanula , described below, but is perhaps somewhat shorter in length. Allotype female — 6 miles south of Middletown, Lake County, California, May 12, 1926, deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. A male and four additional females were taken with the allotype, and an additional male was collected the day before, May 11, 1926, at the same locality. Peltoperla (Soliperla) campanula Jewett, new species Length to wing tips: male 16-17 mm.; female 18—20 mm. Length of body: male 11—12 mm.; female 13—14 mm. General color dull yellowish brown. Head short, not as wide at compound 168 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 eyes as posterior width of pronotum but as wide as the anterior border. H'ead yellowish with a dark area between and anterior to the ocelli. Distance between ocelli about the same as distance of either to compound eye. Pro¬ notum with a median, somewhat irregular brown stripe; discs yellowish with dark brown rugosities; not quite twice as wide as long, front angles sharp, hind angles broadly rounded. Mesonotum and metanotum brown. Wings not infuscated. Dorsum of abdomen yellowish-brown. Legs brownish dorsally, yellowish-brown ventrally. Antennae and cerci light brown. Cerci with 13 to 15 segments, the basal segment being about as long as the combined length of next three. Two pairs of thoracic gills present, one each on the sides of the meso- and metathorax above and slightly behind the coxae. Each gill is a single thick filiment at most about two and one half times as long as wide. Cervical gills absent. Male .—Ninth abdominal sternite bearing a median, slightly raised transverse lobe behind which there is a depressed U-shaped area, distal portion of which is upturned and broadly rounded; ninth tergite unmodified; supra-anal process short and recurved with a heavily sclerotized median structure that is expanded at distal end and bears a row of short teeth across lower edge of front margin (fig. IB) ; in dorsal view this structure is widely expanded at distal end (fig. 1A) ; a flap-like membranous structure lies at either side of median structure as in (fig. 1). Aedeagus in shape of large membranous sac bearing two irregular rows of short sclerotized spinules on its ventral surface (fig. 1C), these usually visible through wall of ninth sternite when aedeagus is in retracted, normal position; dorsally near base are two small mebranous lobes at either side, each bearing a short, slender spine; tenth segment narrow; tergite about one-fourth as wide as that of eighth segment, sternite about a third that of eighth segment. Female .—Similar in general features to male hut somewhat larger. Sub¬ genital plate produced over ninth sternite and broadly rounded, without a notch, about twice as long as seventh sternite (fig. ID). Nymph .—A mature nymph taken at the same, locality on the same date as the holotype is described as follows: Length of body: 13 mm. Body brown, roach-like, covered with fine light hairs. External gills as described above for adult. Stout spines or bristles distributed as follows: on all borders of pronotum with those on front margin longest, and in a small patch near middle of rear margin; in a transverse row across middle of mesonotum and metanotum; scattered on wing covers and on their outer and posterior borders, with a prominent patch near posterior margin of each cover; as a fringe around entire margin of anterior ventral plate of thorax, and on sides and posterior margins of other two plates; as a fringe completely around hind margin of each abdominal segment; as a fringe around each of twenty-four segments of right cercus (some segments of left cercus missing) ; on subanal lobes; a row each on anterior and posterior outer margins of coxae; a row on posterior outer margin of trochanter; along upper and lower outer margins of femur and in a terminal band; in three longitudinal rows and terminal band on tibia. The femur is deeply grooved below on its outer end to hold the tibia when folded. Each sternum of thorax with a plate overlapping back¬ wards (fig. IE). July, 1954] JEWETT-STONEFLIES 169 The mouthparts differ from described nymphs of other Peltoperlae from western North America. Galea much exceeding the lacinia, with a tuft of hairs at the tip (fig. 1G) ; lacinia with a broad blunt tip that is somewhat excavated ventrally and with no inner spines; paraglossae curved and slightly longer than the glossae (fig. IF), without a small segment at the tip; mandibles with a few wedge-shaped teeth and a curved hard surface behind them. Holotype male and allotype female— Oxbow Springs, Hood River County, Oregon, May 19, 1940, S. G. Jewett, Jr. Paratypes, all from Oregon, as follows: same data as for holotype and allotype, ten males, one female; same data except April 18, 1940, two males; same data except May 26, 1940, six males, three females; Wah- keena Falls, Multnomah County, May 3, 1947, S. G. Jewett, Jr., seven males, two females (one pair in copula) ; Silver Creek Falls, Marion County, July 14, 1934, J. Schuh (Illinois Natural History Survey collection), one male; same locality except August 2, 1948, K. M. Fender, one male, one female; Hood River Meadows, Hood River County, July 18, 1947, K. M. Fender, one male. Holotype and allotype deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes deposited in the collections of the following: the writer, Win. E. Ricker, California Academy of Sciences, Cornell University, and the Illinois Natural History Survey. This new species is close to Peltoperla (Soliperla) thyra Need¬ ham and Smith, but is readily separated from that species in having an unmodified ninth tergite and in details of the male genitalia, in particular the row of small sclerotized spinules of the aedeagus. Peltoperla (Soliperla) quadrispinula Jewett, new species Generally similar to P. campanula, described above, in size and color. Male—Ninth abdominal sternite with a lobe similar in size and shape to that of P. campanula, and the shape of the sternite is much as in that species; ninth tergite shallowly excavated on hind margin as described for P. thyra. Supra-anal process very similar to that of P. campanula in size and shape. Aedeagus bears two pairs of long, sclerotized spines (fig. 2), which can usually be seen through wall of ninth sternite when aedeagus is in re¬ tracted, normal position. Tenth segment similar to that of P. campanula. Female —Subgenital plate is produced over ninth sternite and broadly rounded as in P. campanula and P. thyra , and on the basis of available material cannot with certainty be separated from these species. Holotype male and allotype female: Wrangle Gap Camp, Rogue River National Forest, Jackson County, Oregon, Aug- 170 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 ust 11, 1950, K. M. Fender. Paratypes as follows: same data as for holotype and allotype, one male; Coffee Creek, Trinity County, California, June 7, 1934, E. C. Van Dyke, one male. Holotype and allotype deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes deposited in the collections of the writer and the California Academy of Sciences. In addition to the above material, the writer’s collection con¬ tains a male and a female of this species from a small tributary of Big Creek, Clatsop County, Oregon, taken by him May 28, 1949; these specimens are excluded from the paratypic series because the aedeagus of the male has been lost. This new species is readily distinguished from allied species in the male by the sclerotized spiny structures in the aedeagus and is separated from P. companula by the slightly depressed posterior portion of the ninth tergite. Sierraperla Jewett, new subgenus Study of both adult and nymphal material of PeUoperla cora Needham and Smith reveals that the shape and location of the gills are different from those of species of the subgenus Y oraperla Ricker or other described subgenera of Peltoperla, and the nymph differs in additional details. It is therefore felt necessary to propose a new monotypic subgenus for the species cora, a description of the nymph of which follows. Type of subgenus: Peltoperla cora Needham and Smith. Peltoperla (Sierraperla) cora Needham and Smith 1916. Peltoperla cora Needham and Smith, Can Ent., 48:86, male and female. 1925. Peltoperla cora Needham and Claassen, Monog. Plecop. pp. 172—173. 1952. Peltoperla (Yoraperla) cora Ricker, Syst. Studies Plecop., p. 157, placed in new subgenus T oraperla. A nearly mature nymph from Howell’s, Plumas County, Cali¬ fornia, collected August 29, 1946, by Harry P. Chandler, is described as follows: •* Length of body 13 mm. Body brown, some fine, pilose hairs on body but general appearance is smooth, roach-like in aspect although less so than are species of the subgenus Yoraperla. Stout spines or bristles distributed as follows: at outer anterior and posterior corners of pronotum; on lateral and hind margins of the mesonotal and metanotal wing covers (sparse on this specimen which may not be typical in this respect ) ; on lateral margins of head below compound eyes; as a border completely around hind margin of last three abdominal segments, as a border across sterna of next three seg- July, 1954] JEWETT—STONEFLIES 171 ments, absent or nearly so on first three segments; as a fringe around anter¬ ior border of twenty-one segments of the cercus (distal segment or more missing) ; on subanal lobes; on the outer borders of coxae; on outer border of trochanter; on sides and distal end of outer face of flattened femur; on sides and distal end of outer face of little-flattened tibia. Femur grooved below, tibia capable of folding back along its inner, lower margin; sternal plates overlapping posteriorly (fig. 3). One pair of external gills, finger-like, in cervical region; two gills, one above the other and posterior to each coxae of prothorax and mesothorax; and one gill behind each coxae on the meta- thorax in the position of upper gills on prothorax and mesothorax. Upper gills on each segment bilobed, forming a T, the arms extending dorsad and ventrad; a basal stub or short lobe present on lower gill of prothorax and mesothorax; all gills robust. Posterior portion of terminal abdominal tergite of nymph greatly extended posteriorly and upturned to a pointed tip, re¬ sembling that of some species of Pteronarcys. Galea about equal to lacinia in length, tip turned slightly outward and with a tuft of fine hairs (fig. 3B) ; lacinia with an outer and inner tooth, tips of both chisel-shaped; paraglossae slightly curved, and only a little longer than glossae (fig. 3A). Nemoura wahkeena Jewett, new species Length to end of body: male 4 mm.; female 4—5 mm.; both sexes brachypterous. General color light brown. Four cervical gills, each composed of two compressed filaments which are branched once or twice beyond the base; length of each gill about six times its width at the base. Head wider than pronotum, dark brown except for a paler area beyond the anterior ocellus. Pronotum about as wide as long, narrowed in width posteriorly and with the angles broadly rounded, generally dark with light lateral and pos¬ terior margins. Forewing reaching to about the middle of the metanotum, hind wings slightly shorter. Antennae, composed of 27—32 segments, equal to or slightly greater than the length of body. Male —Abdominal segments brown, the eighth, ninth, and tenth most heavily sclerotized; ninth tergite posteriorly with wide crescentic membran¬ ous area; ninth sternite greatly produced behind and with a lobe. Cerci small, curved, sclerotized on outer faces, concave and membranous on inner faces, tipped with a tiny robust spine. Supra-anal process recurved, and from above, widest in the middle as in (fig. 4), membranous dorsally, sclero¬ tized ventrally. Subanal lobes double, an inner strongly sclerotized lobe which ends in a tapered, outwardly-directed point and an outer lobe which is membranous. Female —In general features similar to male. Cerci are unmodified. Seventh sternite bulbous, membranous, extending over anterior half of eighth sternite (fig. 4B) ; eighth sternite largely sclerotized, on posterior median margin is visible a strongly sclerotized narrow ring surrounding oviduct; ninth sternite is largely sclerotized, tenth, only slightly so. Holotype male and allotype female, taken in copula: Wahkeena Falls, Multnomah County, Oregon, April 5, 1947, S. G. Jewett, Jr. Paratypes: three males, five females, including a pair in copula, same data as for holotype and allotype, Holotype and allotype 172 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXX, NO. 3 deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes deposited in the collections of the writer, Wm. E. Ricker, and the Illinois Natural History Survey. This distinctive small species can be readily separated from described species of Nemoura by the extreme brachyptery of both sexes, by the shape of the gills, and by the distinctive subanal lobes of the male. The male supra-anal process, particularly its expanded middle portion in dorsal view, also distinguishes it from described males of the subgenus Zapada Ricker to which it is tentatively assigned. Nemoura spiniloba Jewett, new species Male —Length to end of body: 6 mm. Length to wing tips: 8 mm. Gen¬ eral color brown. No external gills in male holotype. Head dark brown, wider than pronotum; pronotum generally dark in color, wider than long, narrowed posteriorly with anterior angles rather sharp, posterior angles broadly rounded; wings normal. Antennae with more than fourteen segments, second segment smaller than large basal segment, about one-half as long as third segment. Abdominal segments brown, first eight without significant sclerotiz- ation, ninth and tenth segments wholly sclerotized; ninth sternite produced posteriorly into a lobe and with the usual lobe from its anterior margin (fig. 5A), Cerci sclerotized, a tiny spine at tip. Supra-anal process recurved to pos¬ terior border of tenth tergite, wider than deep, and with a slightly enlarged tip from above and from the side, more heavily sclerotized ventrally than dor- sally (fig. 5). Subanal lobes broad at base, quadrangular, and with a slender acute process developed from the inner margin (fig. 5A). Holotype male: Woodacre, Marin County, California, March 31, 1949, L. W. Quate. Deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. The genitalia of this new species resemble those of N. cataractae Neave but are readily separated by the shape of the cerci and subanal lobes. Should additional material agree with the holotype in lacking gills on the mentum or in the cervical region, it may become advisable to erect a new subgenus for this species. The holotype was a pinned specimen which has been relaxed and preserved in alcohol. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Fig. 1. Peltoperla (Soliperla) campanula , male genitalia, lateral aspect; 1A, supra-anal process, from above: IB, supra-anal process, distal end from below; 1C, aedeagus exlruded, ventral aspect; ID, female subgenital plate; IE, sternal plates of nymph; IF, labium of nymph; 1G, maxilla of nymph. JULY, 1954 ] JEWETT—STONEFLIES 173 Fig. 2. Peltoperla (Soliperla) quadrispinula, male genitalia, aedeagal structure through ninth sternite. Fig. 3. Peltoperla (Sierraperla) cora, sternal plates of nymph; 3A, labium of nymph; 3B, maxilla of nymph. Fig. 4. Nemoura wah- keena, male genitalia, dorsal aspect; 4A, male genitalia, ventral aspect; 4B, terminal sternites of female. Fig. 5. Nemoura spiniloba, male genitalia, dorsal aspect; 5A, male genitalia, ventral aspect. Fig. 6. Capnia californica, eighth sternitp of female. 174 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 Capnia maculata Jewett, new species Length to wing tips: male holotype 9 mm.; female allotype 11 mm. Length of body: male holotype 7.5 mm.; female allotype 8 mm. General color in alcohol brown. Head through compound eyes wider than pronotum; lateral ocelli about twice as far apart as distance from inner margins of compound eyes; median ocellus about as far forward from lateral ocelli as distance between them. Pronotum slightly wider than long, with a distinct median logitudinal line, embossed. Venation of wings typical, with Ri bent upward at its origin and with Ai bent abruptly caudad at its junction with cu-a and then curved outwardly again. Wings conspicuously spotted, par¬ ticularly on the outer half of the forewing and the radial area of the hind wing. Male —First eight abdominal segments without special structures; ninth sternite with a prominent lobe at base (fig. 7). Subanal lobes fused distally to form a slender, sharp point. Ninth tergite with a pair of heavily sclerotized knobs on anterior half of sclerite. Supra-anal process of tenth tergite almost square in cross-section, recurved, with blunt tip resting between knobs of ninth tergite. Cerci long, many-segmented. Female —Eighth abdominal sternite (fig. 7A), with a subgenital plate which occupies central part of sternite, distal portion of which extends well beyond posterior margin of segment. A broad median membranous stripe ex¬ tends longitudinally across tergites one through eight. Holotype male: Marsh Creek, Contra Costa County, Cali¬ fornia, March 6, 1950, L. W. Quate. Allotype female; Colorado Creek and Mines Road, Santa Clara County, California, April 6, 1949, Ray F. Smith. Paratype female: Livermore, Alameda County, California, March 31, 1929, E. C. Van Dyke. Holotype and allotype deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, the paratype deposited in the writer’s collection. This new species differs from all previously described North American species of Capnia in having spotted wings and in possessing a ventral appendage on the ninth sternite of the male. It bears resemblance to such Asiatic species as C. cordata Kimmins which has “faint smoky clouds” in the apical half of the wings, a bifurcate knob on the ninth tergite, and a ventral lobe on the ninth sternite. Capnia licina Jewett, new species Male —Similar in general morphological details to other species of the genus Capnia. Length to wing tips: 6 mm. Length of body: 5.5 mm. General color brown, wings hyaline. First six abdominal tergites without special structures; seventh, eighth, and ninth, tergites (fig. 8), with median raised tubercles, that of eighth most prominent; tenth tergite notched medi¬ ally; membranous areas present on seventh and eighth tergites behind tuber- july, 1954 ] J E WETT—STONEFLIES 175 cles and anterior to tubercle on ninth tergite. Supra-anal process reflexed, tip upturned and nearly reaching posterior margin of eighth tergite; length of supra-anal process equal to 8 to 10 times its diameter at middle. Holotype male: small creek at the junction of Oregon highways numbers 36 and 50, Clackamas County, Oregon, April 22, 1948, S. G. Jewett, Jr. Deposited in the collection of the writer. This species differs from other described species of North American Capnia in possessing both tubercles on tergites 7 to 9 and a reflexed supra-anal process with the tip upturned. The length of the process is less than that of other species where the tip is upturned. Capnia californica Claassen 1924. Capnia californica Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:57, male. 1925. Capnia californica Needham and Claassen, Monog. Plecop., pp. 262- 263. Female —Similar in general morphological details to male. Length to wing tips: 8 mm. Length of body: 6-7 mm. Eighth abdominal sternite (fig. 6), with subgenital plate well developed, sclerotized as in figure 6, not fused with seventh sternite; distal end of plate is bordered by a heavily-sclerotized band; membranous area on eighth stern¬ ite varies in shape, almost triangular to crescentic; usual, broad, membranous median stripe extends longitudinally across the first eight tergites. Allotype female—A small creek near Saratoga, Santa Clara County, California, February 25, 1940, S. G. Jewett, Jr. Allotype deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. With the allotype six additional females and seven males were taken. Capnia oregona Frison 1942. Capnia oregona Frison, Pan-Pac. Ent., 18:2, pp. 63-64, male. Female —In general features similar to male, both sexes having wings uniformly stained with brown. Eighth abdominal sternite with a subgenital plate as in figure 9; a dark brown pigmented area occurs on either side of central, distal portion of sternite, and additional pigmented patches occur on ninth sternite in comparable areas; usual broad median stripe occurs longitudinally across first eight tergites. Allotype female—Benton County, Oregon, 14 miles south of Corvallis, Muddy Creek, February 10, 1938, S. G. Jewett, Jr. Deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. The allotype was taken with the holotype and several other specimens of this species, but Frison apparently failed to note the distinctive wing color of this species and consequently did not associate the sexes. 176 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 Ricker a Jewett, new genus This genus, erected for the new species described below, is tentatively placed in the Isoperlinae because in the male the tenth tergite is entire, and the male subanal lobes resemble those of some species of Isoperla. The head and thorax color pattern, the shape of the female subgenital plate, and the lobe on the seventh sternite of the male strongly suggest Isogenus in the subfamily Isogenin.ae as defined by Ricker (1952). Type of genus: Rickera venusta Jewett. Rickera venusta Jewett, new species Length to wing tips: male 17-18 mm.; female 20 mm. Length of body: male 12 -14 mm.; female 14—16 mm. General color gray-brown with yellow markings on head and thorax and with fumose wings. Head at compound eyes slightly wider than prothorax, mostly yellow within ocellar triangle, a large yellow spot anterior to forward ocellus, head yellow behind posterior ocelli except for brownish areas on either side be¬ hind the compound eyes. Prothorax with a wide, central yellow band which diffuses into lateral brownish areas, stripe occupying one-fourth to one-third of prothoracic width; prothorax distinctly wider than long, both anterior and posterior angles rounded. First tarsal segment about twice as long as second, the third, two or three times as long as the lirst and second combined. Wings fumose; subcosta not reaching the cord; a series of several costal crossveins before end of subcosta and two or three beyond in both fore and hind wings; radial sector forked twice beyond the cord. Abdomen with a narrow, median, dorsal stripe that extends across first eight tergites. Male —Subanal lobes (fig. 10) erect, mostly membranous. No supra-anal process. A lobe with an uneven distal margin is present on posterior margin of seventh sternite fig. 10A). Female —Subgenital plate (fig. 10B) wide, extending across anterior half of ninth sternite, its tip broadly rounded. Holotype male and allotype female: Rogue River at Mum Creek, Jackson County, Oregon, June 17, 1949, S. G. Jewett, Jr. Paratypes as follows: Rogue River at Foster Creek, Jackson County, Oregon, June 17, 1949, S. G. Jewett, Jr., two females; Cleat Creek, Wasco County, Oregon, June 19, 1952, S. G. Jewett, Jr., one male; Olallie Creek Forest Camp, McKenzie River, Lane County, Oregon, July 15, 1952, S. G. Jewett, Jr., one male. Holotype and allotype deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes are in the collections of the writer and Wm. E. Ricker. This new genus is named in honor of Dr. Wm. E. Ricker who has done so much on the taxonomy and phylogeny of Plecoptera. July, 1954] JEWETT-STONEFLIES 177 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Fig. 7. Capnia maculata, male genitalia, lateral aspect; 7A, eighth ster- nite of female. Fig. 8. Capnia licina, male genitalia, lateral aspect. Fig. 9. Capnia oregona , eighth sternite of female. Fig. 10. Rickera verms ta, male genitalia, lateral aspect; 10A, lobe on male seventh sternite; 10B, terminal sternites of female. Fig. 11. Isogenus (Kogotus) alameda, terminal sternites of female. Fig. 12. Isoperla marmorata , male genitalia, lateral aspect; 12A, two examples of aedeagal structure; 12B, lobe on male eighth sternite. Fig. 13. Alloperla (Alloperla) chandteri, male genitalia, lateral aspect; 13A, eighth sternite of female. 178 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 Isogenus (Kogotus) ALAMEDA (Needham and Claassen) 1925. Perla alameda Needham and Claassen, Monog. Plecop., pp. 78-79, male. 1952. Isogenus alameda Ricker, Syst. Studies Plecop., p. 128, placed in Isogenus and suggested as belonging in Kogotus. Female —Subgenital plate occupies middle half of eighth sternite and extends posteriorly to anterior margin of tenth sternite, broadly rounded with or without a wide shallow emargination (fig. 11). Allotype female—Pinnacles National Monument, San Benito County, California, May 3, 1946, H. P. Chandler. Deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. This species is assigned to the subgenus Kogotus Ricker (1952) because the tip of the anterior band is coiled inside of the supra- anal process. The paragenital plates are produced upward into rounded, spinulose tips. Since this species has been recorded only from San Antonio Creek, Alameda County, the following additional California records are listed: Same as allotype, one male; Lake Curry, Solano City, Lake County, April 13, 1950, J. N. Simons, one male; Livermore, Alameda County, May 11, 1930, E. C. Van Dyke, three males, one female; Pope Valley, Napa County, May 8, 1930, E. C. Van Dyke, two females; Livermore, April 30, 1928, one female. Isoperla marmorata (Needham and Claassen) 1925. Clioperla marmorata Needham and Claassen, Monog. Plecop., pp. 142- 143, female. Male —Generally similar in morphological details to female but some¬ what smaller in size. Subanal lobes cylindrical, recurved, and bluntly tipped (fig. 12). Eighth sternite with a shallow, broadly rounded lobe on posterior portion (fig. 12B) which does not extend beyond end of segment. Aedeagus with a sclerotized, translucent process, blade-like at distal end, teardrop shaped in lateral view (fig. 12A) ; in some specimens base of process is finger-like, in others it appears to taper rapidly to a blunt, rounded end. Marmorata differs from described species of Isoperla from western North America in having the anal area of the hind wings fumose, sometimes lightly so, sometimes more heavily, as in the holotype. The head color pattern as described for the holotype, the cylindrical subanal lobes of the male, and the scarcely extended subgenital plate of the female also differentiate it from described species. Allotype male—Eagle Creek, Clackamas County, Oregon, April 16, 1940, S. G. Jewett, Jr. Deposited in the collection of the Cali¬ fornia Academy of Sciences. The following additional material of this species has been ex- july, 1954 ] ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 179 amined: Same data as for allotype: seven males, one female; same data except May 5, 1940, two males, five females; same data except June 27, 1948, one male; Soap Creek, Benton County, Oregon, May 24, 1947, E. Holmberg, one male; 3 miles south Camino, Eldorado County, California, June 26, 1948, D. Carter, two males, two females; Middletown, Lake County, California, May 11, 1926, three males; tributaries of Smith Creek, elevation about 5,000 feet, Blairsden, Plumas County, California, June 11, 1952, Wm. E. Ricker, one male, one female, one exuvia. Alloperla (Alloperla) chandleri Jewett, new species Male —Typical in color for members of the subgenus Alloperla, without dark markings on head, thorax, or abdominal segments, presumably greenish in life. Supra-anal process (fig. 13) membranous basally with anterior sclero- tized portion bent forward and hinged so that it can be moved vertically on its attachment with membranous basal portion; tip of process is flat in end view; dorsally process is slightly dumbbell-shaped. Female —Subgenital plate (fig. 13A) slopes caudally abruptly towards its center to form a pointed process which reaches anterior border of ninth stemite. Holotype male, allotype female, two male paratypes, and one female paratype: 6 miles east of Miami Ranger Station, ele¬ vation 6,000 feet, Mariposa County, California, July 4, 1946, Harry P. Chandler, Holotype and allotype deposited in the col¬ lection of the California Academy of Sciences, paratypes in the collections of H. P. Chandler and the writer. This new species differs from other described species of Allo¬ perla proper, from western North America in the shape of the male supra-anal process. From A. elevata Frison, to which it bears some resemblance, chandleri is readily separated by the thickness of the tip of the supra-anal process which is about as deep as broad whereas in elevata it is quite thin in lateral view. ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice Of Proposed Sus¬ pension Of The Rules In Certain Cases For The Avoidance Of Confusion And The Validation Of Current Nomenclatorial Practice (A. [n.s.] 18) Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers is involved in applications relating to the under-mentioned names. 180 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 Under the decision by the International Congress of Zoology the period within which comments on the applications covered by the present Notice are receivable is a period of six calendar months calculated from the date of publication of the revelant Part of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. (1) Applications in Part 6 of Vol. 9 (1) immigrant Sturtevant, 1921, as published in the combination Droso¬ phila immigrans (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), proposed validation of (pp. 161-162) (File Z.N. IS.] 711). (2) pruni GeoSroy, 1762, as published in the combination Aphis pruni. (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), proposed validation of (pp. 163- 165) (File Z.N. [S.] 428). (3) Lachnus Burmeister, 1835, and Cinara Westwood, 1835, proposed de¬ signation of type species for, in harmony with accustomed usage (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera) (pp. 174-183) File Z.N. [S'.] 174). (2) Applications in Part 7 of Vol. 9 (4) Stentor Oken, 1815(Class Ciliophora), proposed validation of, and designation of a type species in harmony with accustomed usage (pp. 208-213) (File Z. N. TS.] 261). (5) Melanargia Meigen, 1828 (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera), pro¬ posed validation of (pp. 221-222) (File Z. N. [S.] 708). (3) Applications in Part 8 of Vol. 9 (6) Geoffroy, 1762, Historic. Abregee des insectes qui se trouvent aux en¬ virons de Paris, proposed validation of the following six names pub¬ lished in, for genera of the Order Diptera: Stratiomys, Stomoxys, Volucella, Nemotelus, Scatopse, Bibio (pp. 241-246) (File Z. N. [S.] 710). (7) Palmato triton Smith, 1945 (Class Amphibia), proposed suppression of (pp. 247-249) (File Z.N. [S.] 594). (8) Ammonites mammUlatus Schlotheim, 1813, proposed designation of a neotype for, and Douvilleiceras de Grossouvre, 1893 (Class Cephalo¬ poda, Order Ammonoidea), proposed designation of a type species for (pp. 250-254) (File Z.N. [S.] 631). Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the fore¬ going applications is invited to do so in writing to the Secretary to the International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village East, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 1, England) as soon as possible. Every such comment should be clearly marked with the Com¬ mission’s File Number as given in the present Notice.— Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. JULY, 1954] BOUDREAUX-TETRANYCHiD MITES 181 NEW SPECIES OF TETRANYCHID MITES 1 (Acarina) H. Bruce Boudreaux Department of Zoology, Physiology and Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. The aid given by Dr. A. E. Pritchard and Dr. E. A. McGregor in encouragement and study of mite sepcimens from Louisiana is gratefully acknowledged. The following new species were dis¬ covered in the course of this investigation. Tetranychus merganser Boudreaux, new species Tetranychus merganser resembles most T. tumidus Banks and T. atlanticus McGregor. It differs from- tumidus in lacking the large empodial spur and in having the aedeagus terminating in a rather large distal knob, shaped very much like the head of a merganser duck. From atlanticus it differs in being red instead of greenish, and in having a more prominent empodial spur. The aedeagus terminates in a large distal knob, rounded anteriorly and above, and the bend of the shaft closely approaches an angle of 90°, while in atlanticus the bend of the external shaft is usually 60°, and the distal knob is smaller with the upper surface very broadly angulate. The empodial spurs of atlanticus are quite obscure. Female. —Palpus with terminal sensillum about twice as long as wide. Stylophore rounded mediodistally. Peritreme chambered, hooked distally, chamber at bend of hook often with a swelling. Tarsus I bearing 4 or 5 tactile setae and one sensory seta proximad of but in vicinity of proximal duplex setae; empodial spur rudimentary; a very tiny bristle usually visible below the three pairs of proximo-ventral hairs. Dorsum between inner lum¬ bar and inner sacral setae with striae transverse and surrounded by a rhom- boidal area of striae; striations longitudinal between both inner lumbar and both inner sacral setae. Dorsal setae slender, tapering, weakly pilose and longer than intervals between them. Length of body from posterior end to tip of rostrum 0.54. mm. Male. —Palpus with terminal sensillum slender, about three times as long as thick. Aedeagus with proximal portion of external shaft parallel sided, narrowing abruptly downward and curving smoothly upward distally, terminating in a large distal knob whose, anterior projection is broadly rounded, and whose posterior projection forms a sharp beak; upper surface of distal knob smoothly rounded. Length of body 0.45 mm. 1 This paper has resulted from a study partly supported by a grant from the Freeport Sulphur Company, and partly by the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station at Baton Rouge. 182 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXX, NO. 3 Holotype —Male, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, July 7, 1953 (L. D. Newsom) on Ligustrum. vulgare L.; type No. 2172 in U. S. Na¬ tional Museum. Morphotye —Female, same data as holotype; type deposited in U. S. National Museum. Paratypes —Six males and thirty-six females, all from Ligustrum vulgare, in collection of the writer. Localities —Monroe, Shreveport, Baton Rouge and Natchi¬ toches, Louisiana. This mite is carmine, with lateral dark spots extending to the posterior end in older females. Very little web is produced, but the leaves show signs of injury in becoming spotted with yellow where a colony is established. Tetranychus cocosinus Boudreaux, new species Tetranychus cocosinus is nearly identical in morphological details with T. cocosi (McG.). It differs in having the posterior angulation of the distal knob of the aedeagus relatively longer than in cocosi, and with the distal knob slightly sigmoid on the upper surface, the tip bending downward. In addition, the terminal sensillum of the palpus of the male is four or more times its thick¬ ness, broader at tip, while in cocosi the sensillum is about three times as long as thick and parallel-sided. The differences in shape are the same in the females, but the sensillum is shorter than in the males. T. cocosi is described as “pale chestnut red” in life and feeds on the royal palm in California. T. cocosinus is dark purple, nearly black, and has been collected on Rubus\ Rosa, Vlmus and Celtis (Hackberry) in Louisiana. Female .—Body from above broadly rounded. Stylophore rounded medio- distally or very slightly cleft. Terminal sensillum of palpus about twice as long as thick, broader near tip. Tarsus I bearing 4 tactile setae proximad of duplex setae; empodial spur rudimentary but obvious. Striations dorsally between inner lumbar and inner sacral setae as in T. merganser above. Dorsal setae slender, weakly pilose and longer than intervals between them. Length of body 0.49 mm. Male .—Terminal sensillum of palpus slender, one-fourth as thick as long, tip slightly broadened and angulate. Aedeagus with external shaft broad at base, weakly tapering to upward bend where it narrows abruptly, and tipped with a distal knob whose anterior and posterior projections are acute, the anterior one shorter than the posterior projection, which bends slightly downward. Distal knob about three-eighths as long as external shaft, with its axis parallel with upper surface of shaft and its upper surface slightly sig¬ moid anteriorly. Length of body 0.34 mm. / JULY, 1954 ] BOUDREAUX-TETRANYCHID MITES 183 Holotype —Male. Port Allen, Louisiana, Aug. 18, 1953, (H. B. Boudreaux) on Celtis sp.; type No. 2174 in U. S. National Museum. Paratypes —Nine males and eight females from Rubus sp., Natchitoches, La., one male from Rubus, Baton Rouge, La., two males and four females from Hackberry, Port Allen, Louisiana, and five males and ten females from JJlmus americanus, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In collection of the writer. Tetranychus merganser. Fig. 1, female, prelarsus I; Fig. 2, female, tar¬ sus I; Fig. 3, female, palpus; Fig. 4, male, palpus; Fig. 5, mgle, aedeagus (holotype) ; Fig. 6 and 7, aedeagus, male paratypes. 184 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXX, NO. 3 Specimens were taken on Rose, Baton Rouge, but they are not included in the type series. The original slides were poorly made, and the specimens were lost in attempting to remount them. The color in life is dark reddish-purple, some nearly black. Males paler, as usual. Webbing is produced profusely, and Rubus leaves are markedly injured. Tetranychus magnoliae Boudreaux, new species Tetranychus magnoliae is most closely related to T. tumidus Banks and T. mexicanus McGregor. All have a prominent empodial spur above the three pairs of empodial hairs on all tarsi. The only Figures 8—13. Tetranychus cocosinus. Fig. 8, female, pretarsus I; Fig. 9, female, palpus; Fig. 10, male, pretarsus I; Fig. 11, male, aedeagus (holo- type) ; Fig. 12, male, aedeagus of paratype; Fig 13, male, palpus. Figure 14. T. cocosi, aedeagus, male from royal palm, California. JULY, 1954] BOUDREAUX—TETRANYCHID MITES 185 other species with such a spur is T. braziliensis McGregor, but the latter has additional small setae and the structure of the empodium if different. T. magnoliae males differ from those of T. tumidus and T . mexicanus in having a much longer posterior angulation on the distal knob of the aedeagus. Female .—Thickness of terminal sensillum of palpus about three-fifths the length, and its length about the same as that of the dorsal sensillum. Stylo- phore rounded anteriorly. Peritreme chambered, and hooked distally. Tarsus I bearing 4 or 5 setae proximad of the proximal duplex setae; empodial spur one-half as long as the proximo-ventral empodial hairs; a pair of tiny but distinct setae ventrallv proximad of the base of the six empodial setae (these tiny setae are easily visible on all tarsi, male and female). Posterior dorsal striations on hysterosoma as in T. merganser and T. cocosinus. Dorsal setae long, slender and tapering, longer than intervals between them. Length of body to tip of rostrum 0.53 mm. Tetranychus magnoliae. Fig. 15, female, palpus; Fig. 16, female, pre¬ tarsus I; Fig. 17, male, palpus; Fig. 18, male, pretarsus I; Fig. 19, male aedeagus. 186 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 Male .—Palpus with terminal sensillum slightly longer than twice its thickness, and slightly longer than the dorsal sensillum. Tarsus I with dorsal empodial spur nearly as long as the six proximo-ventral hairs, these not fused as in most species of Tetranychus, but distinct and separate for most of their length, the ventral pair much thicker than the other two pairs; a pair of tiny setae near the base of the largest pair of empodial setae, as in all other tarsi. Aedeagus with external shaft emerging broadly, and tapering quickly outward as it curves upward; the distal knob with a sharp acute anterior angulation, the posterior angulation acuminate and about six times as long as the anterior point. Length of body 0.35 mm. Holotype —Male, Baton Rouge, Louislvna, August 20, 1953. (H. B. Bordreaux) on Magnolia grandiflora; type no. 2173 in U. S. National Museum. Paratypes —Nine males and seventeen females from Magnolia and two males and three females from Liriodendron tulipifera, all taken in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In collection of the writer. On magnolia this mite spins a profuse web on the upper surface of the leaves, near the midrib, and causes a distinct discoloration of the leaves as the colony gets older. Apparently the dense hairy lower surface of the leaves is not a suitable habitat. On the tulip tree the mites inhabit both surfaces of the leaves. Usually species of Tetranychus prefer the lower leaf surface, in contrast to this species. The living mites are carmine red, with paler legs and propodosoma. The eggs are unusually large, dark cream colored and spherical. TWO NEW DIPTERAN PARASITES OF AUTOGRAPHA CALIFORNICA Thirty specimens of Autographa californica Speyer, larvae and pupae, were obtained on spinach four miles west of Walla Walla, Walla Walla County, Washington, during the months of October and November, 1953. Twenty per cent parasitism by two genera of Larvaevoridae (Tachinidae) was observed. They were Madre- myia saundersii (Will.) and Achaetoneaura archippivora (Will.), of which the latter is new for this particular host as far as could be ascertained. The pupation period of both these flies was observed to be approximately 16—17 days, the mean being 16.5 days. The writer is indebted to Curtis W. Sabrosky of the United States Department of Agriculture for determining the above para¬ sites. —Don R. Seidel. July, 1954 ] DENNING—LEPIDOSTOMA 187 NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOSTOMA (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae) D. G. Denning 1684 Oak Park, Walnut Creek, California The six new species of Lepidostoma described herein will in¬ crease the total number of named species known to occur in the United States and Canada to about 40. Slightly over half of the described species are found only in western Canada and United States. As is usual in the Lepidostoma several of these new species possess some remarkable secondary sexual modifications. Unless indicated otherwise, types are deposited in the writer’s collection. PLUVIALE GROUP One of the new species described, errigena, is a member of the Pluviale group. The combination of characters setting off this group from all others are described. The Pluviale group is characterized as follows: all males have the en¬ tire costal cell reflexed, the anterior portion is very wide and the resultant pocket is lined with scales. The distribution of scales are usually heaviest along the margin of the reflexed portion. The claspers, long and slender throughout, do not terminate in an acute point; the baso-dorsal lobe origin¬ ating at base of clasper is single, lacking completely a ventro-lateral lobe; this lobe is af variable size, but always digitate. The small mesal lobe pres¬ ent at the apex of the clasper is of variable size, but always small and acute. The aedeagus bears a dorsal pair of acuminate rods arising from near base and generally following the contour of the structure. The first antennal segment is long and slender but not particularly modified; the maxillary palpi are modified into an apparent single segment, generally small, closely appressed to the head and bearing a dense brush of scales. Legs or spurs not modified. Characters for differentiating the species are largely confined to the tenth tergite, and is largely based on the structure of a spur arising from the lateral or apical margin. Sexual dimorphism is most pronounced in the reflexed con¬ dition of the wing, and as Ross (1946) has pointed out, it is not limited only to this group. However, no other group has a com¬ bination of all the above characters and none possess such a wide reflexed pocket. Reflexed portions of the subcostal cell from a mere pocket to three-fourths the length of the cell occurs in several species not related to the Pluviale group. The new species, errigena , will increase the members ascribed to this group to nine. When a series of several species from various sections of the country was studied it was found that a wide range of variations existed and suggest that with larger series our concept 188 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXX, NO. 3 of some of the sepcies may change. It is entirely probable that when larger series of pluviale, rayneri, veleda, and ormea are studied we will hind that only one highly variable species is involved. Lepidostoma errigena Denning, new species This species, a member of the pluvictUs group, is probably closest related to aporna Denning. The prominent dorsal lobe and the peculiar ventral spur will differentiate this species from others. Male .—Length 7—8 mm. General color light brown. First antennal seg¬ ment long and slender and bearing a dense brush of scales and setae along mesal margin. Maxillary palpi apparently one segmented, apex appressed against head and bearing a dense brush of dark brown scales. Front wings with entire costal cell reflexed, lined with dark brown scales. Genitalia as in fig. 1. Tenth tergite widely separated on meson and thus divided into a pair of lateral lobes; ventral margin broadly rounded, the apico-ventral corner of ventral lobe produced into a ventrad directed spine and a oaudad directed spine which may be bifid or single; dorsal spur prominent, slender and acute, reaching nearly to level of tergite; dorsal lobe not produced caudad. Clasper from lateral aspect typical of group—slender, long, basodorsal lobe digitate; from ventral aspect (fig. IB) small acute process near apex along mesal margin. Aedeagus tubular, bearing a pair of long, closely appressed, very slender acuminate rods. Holotype male, Seven Oaks, Santa Ana River, San Bernar¬ dino Mts., San Bernardino County, California, July 8, 1950, John Belkin. Paratypes, two males, same data as for holotype; two males, Palomar Mt., San Diego Conuty, July 12, 1946, 4700', C. P. Alexander. Holotype and one paratyp© deposited in the collection of the Academy of Science, San Francisco, California. UNICOLOR GROUP This group contains the largest number of described species. These species are quite variable but all possess the following characteristics. The clasper, while differing among the various species, is always short, and the baso-dorsal process is also short and usually pointed at the apex. The front wings have only a narrow reflexed area or only a small basal portion of the costal cell will be reflexed. Some of the most remarkable sexual modifications occur among the males of this group. Lepidostoma recina Denning, new species This species is a member of the unicolor group. It may be distinguished from other species by the ventral lobe of the tenth tergite. Male .—Length 9 mm. Wings, legs and antennae light brown. Front / july, 1954 ] DENNING-LEPIDOSTOMA 189 wings with reflexed cell wide but covering only about three-quarters of the costal cell, resultant pocket lined with brownish scales; along cubitus an infolding of the membrane produces a second distinct pocket in the wing. Maxillary palpi apparently one segmented, short and flattened, apical portion bearing a dense brush of blaskish scales. First antennal segment long and slender, no secondary modifications. Genitalia as in fig. 2. Tenth tergite as seen from dorsal aspect (fig. 2B), separated on meson only a short distance, apices of dorsal lobe sub-triangular, along dorso-mesal portion there is present a row of short protuberances just discernable, each bearing a short seta; along lateral margin there is a series of several prominent spines each bearing a short seta; ventral lobe produced caudad beyond remainder, truncate and serrate, lateral margin sinuate. Tenth tergite from lateral aspect (fig. 2A) with ventral margin arcuate, ventro-apical lobe produced caudad into a prominent lobe, the serrate margin directed dorso-caudad; dorsal lobe broadly rounded and bearing along dorsal and apical margin a series of prominent spines and protuberances each bearing a short seta. Clasper short, apex upturned and sub-acute; baso-dorsal lobe short and digitate, lateral lobe long, slender and acute; meso-apical surface bearing a short slender acute process projecting just to apex. Aedeagus short, arcuate, bearing no accessory structures, Holotype male, Peavine Ridge, McMinnville, Oregon, June 29,1950, K. M. Fender. Lepidostoma mira Denning, new species This species belongs to the unicolor group with distinguishing characters confined to the tenth tergite and the peculiar first antennal segment. Male .—Length 8 mm. Wings, legs and antennae light brown. Maxillary palpi apparently one segmented, about two and one half times length of head, distal two-thirds covered with a dense brush of scales and setae. First anten¬ nal segment about twice length of the head, mesal margin with a digitate projection producing a distinct incision (fig. 3B) ; lateral and mesal margin bearing a dense brush of dark brown setae. Basal portion of costal cell of front wing folded over to form a small pocket densely lined with dark brown scales, scattered brownish scales over remainder of wing. Genitalia as in fig. 3. Dorsal lobes of tenth tergite, from dorsal aspect (fig. 3C) emarginate; ventral lobe projecting caudad and sub-acute apically. Tenth tergite from lateral aspect (fig. 3A) with a prominent quadrate spur along lateral surface of dorsal lobe, consisting of a dorsad and caudad directed apex; ventral lobe produced caudad beyond remainder, bearing a large spur near base of lobe and a small spur toward apex. Claspers short, constricted distally to a dorsad directed bifid apex; baso-dorsal lobe fairly slendei-, lateral lobe closely appressed to dorsal margin of clasper, slender and finger-like. Aedeagus bearing a pair of acuminate rods widely separated and closely appressed to structure. Female .—Length 8 mm. Color, size and general structure same as for male. First antennal segment long, about two and one-half times length of head. Spermatheca as in fig. 3D. 190 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXX, NO. 3 Holotype male, Strawberry, Tuolumne County, California, July 8, 1951, E. L. Silver. Allotype female, same data as for holo¬ type. Paratype males, 1 male, same data as for holotype; 1 male, Castle Lake, Siskiyou County, California, Harry Chandler. Holo¬ type deposited in the collection of the University of California, Berkeley, California. Lepidostoma spicata Denning, new species This species is a member of the unicolor group. It may be dis¬ tinguished from other Lepidostoma by the tenth tergite and the peculiar first and second segments of the antennae. Male .—Length 9 mm. General color of wings, legs, antennae and body light brown. First antennal segment very large and bulbous, somewhat quad¬ rate, posterio-mesal portion somewhat fiap-like with each segment approxi¬ mate; second antennal segment (fig. 4C) with a flattened mesad directed arcuate, process, the inner surface of semi-circle thus formed densely lined with short blackish setae. Maxillary palpi apparently one segmented, pro¬ jected above head, apices flattened, mesal surface grooved and convergent, lateral and ventral margins clothed with long brownish setae. Genitalia as in fig. 4. From dorsal aspect, tenth tergite (fig. 4B) emarg- inate, resultant dorsal lobes bearing several small spines distally; ventral lobe occupies most of tergite and very spinous. Tenth tergite from lateral aspect (fig. 4A) with dorso-distal corner of dorsal lobe bearing several small spines; ventral lobe with ventro-distal corner broadly rounded and spinous. From lateral view entire distal portion of tenth tergite appears covered with spines of variable shapes and sizes. Claspers extend beyond tenth tergite only a short distance, apex sub-truncate, baso-dorsal lobe short, digitate; lateral lobe longer, slender and parallel to clasper. Aedeagus tubular, apex sub-membraneous and bearing a pair ol very large acuminate rods, shorter than aedeagus; large size and shape unusual for this group. Holotype male, Twin Creek Camp, Bitteroot Mountains, Salmon, Idaho, 5000' elevation, July 25, 1952, Borys Malkin. Paratype male, same data as for holotype. Lepidostoma astanea Denning, new species This species is a member of the unicolor group. Distinguishing characters are present in the tenth tergite with its prominent dorsal spine and elongated ventral lobe. Male .—Length 7 mm. First antennal segment long and slender, other¬ wise not modified. Maxillary palpi apparently two segmented, directed dor¬ sad to near margin of head, mesal surface bearing a dense brush of blackish scales and setae. About three-quarters of the costal cell of the front wing EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Fig. 1. Lepidostoma errigena, male genitalia; 1A, lateral aspect; IB, clasper, ventral aspect. Fig. 2. Lepidostoma recina, male genitalia; 2A, lateral july, 1954] DENNING-LEPIDOSTOMA 191 aspect;- 2B, tenth tergite, dorsal aspect. Fig. 3. Lepidostoma mira, male and female genitalia; 3A, lateral aspect; 3B, basal segment antenna; 3C, tenth tergite dorsal aspect; 3D, spermatheca. Fig. 4. Lepidostoma spicala, male genitalia; 4A, lateral aspect; 4B, tenth tergite, dorsal aspect; 4C, second segment antenna. Fig. 5. Lepidostoma astanea, male genitalia; 5A, lateral aspect. Fig. 6. Lepidostoma reosa, male genitalia; 6A, lateral aspect; 6B, tenth tergite, dorsal aspect; 6C, clasper, ventral aspect. Fig. 7. Lepidostoma tibialis, male genitalia; 7A, lateral aspect; 7B, tenth tergite, dorsal aspect. Fig. 8. Lepidostoma strophi.s; basal segment antenna. 192 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 reflexed although resultant pocket is not wide, pocket filled with blackish scales. Spurs 2—4—4. Genitalia as in fig. 5. Ninth segment annular, where it merges into tenth tergite there is a cluster of small spines. Tenth tergite from dorsal aspect with short emargination. From lateral aspect tenth tergite (fig. 5A) with apico-dorsal corner produced into an acute prominent dorsad directed spur, at base of which there is a cluster of spines which are very prominent from either dorsal or ventral view: ventral lobe produced caudad as a large ob¬ tuse process. Clasper slender throughout, abruptly constricted distally into a truncate apex; baso-dorsal lobe short, about one-third length of lateral lobe which is slender, acute and reaches nearly to apex of clasper; short, slender mesal process present near apex. Aedeagus with no accessory struc¬ tures. Holotype male, Patrick Creek, Del Norte County, Cali¬ fornia, June 24, 1951, D. G. Denning. TOGATUM GROUP Lepidostoma reosa Denning, new species This species is a member of the togatum group in which the tenth tergite is produced caudad into a pair of lateral arms. In this species, reosa, the claspers are not elongate as in togatum, knoiwltoni, tibialis and Carolina, the only members of this group. Another character which quickly separates reosa is the dorsad curving rather than ventrad of the tenth tergite lateral arms. Male .—Length 5 mm. General color brownish. Maxillary palpi apparently one segmented and erect. Wings, legs and antennae with no particular modifications. Genitalia as in fig. 6. Tenth tergite, from lateral aspect, (fig. 6A) with dorsal margin arcuate; ventral lobe extended caudad as a slender dorsad- directed arm, apex obtuse and bearing two small spines. Tenth tergite, from dorsal aspect (fig. 6B) separated on meson nearly half the distance, the two lateral arms gradually convergent but not confluent; approximately midway, lateral margin produced into an acute angulation. Claspers short and robust, apex truncate; baso-dorsal process slender and directed dorso- caudad; from ventral aspect (fig. 60 no basal angulation, near apex a short acute, mesal process. Aedeagus with no accessory structures. Holotype male, Belchertown, Massachusetts, May 21, 1938, (from University of Massachusetts Collection). Lepidostoma tibialis (Carpenter) 1947 Lepidostoma rileyi Denning, Ent. News, LVIII, No. 10:257 figs. 9, 10 (New synonymy). Distinguishing characters are in the tenth tergite; the dorsal lobe is very short while the ventral lobe is produced caudad into a heavily sclerotized acute process, as seen from either the lateral aspect (fig. 7A) or dorsal aspect (fig. 7B). The species has been recorded only from North Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee, July, 1954] DENNING—LEPIDOSTOMA 193 Several collections of Trichoptera have yielded some very in¬ teresting distributional data of some species of Lepidostoma. They are as follows: Lepidostoma cascadensis Milne.—This is a typically Western species. The following records extend the known range northward. Yukon Territory: Alaska Highway, Mile Post 632, June 28, 1952, C. P. Alexander. Alberta: Jasper, June 16, 1952, C. P. Alexander. Lepidostoma cantlia Ross.—Previously known only from Mon¬ terey and Contra Costa Counties, California. The present record extends the distribution to the southern part of the state. California: Topanga Canyon, Los Angeles County, May 30, 1952, John Belkin; Pinnacles National Monument, Monterey Co., May 3, 1946, H. P. Chandler. Lepidostoma jrosti Milne.—Known distribution in the North¬ east; New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Quebec and now Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia: Cape Breton, Lake Bras D’or, July 4, 1951, C. P. Alexander. Lepidostoma hoodi Ross,—Previously known only from Mt. Hood, Oregon and Nanaimo, B. C. Washington: Mt. Rainier, Aug. 4, 1952, Vincent Roth. Lepidostoma Ontario Ross. —Eastern in distribution: Ontario, New Hampshire and Maine. Nova Scotia; Cape Breton, Victoria Co., July 1, 1951, C. P. Alexander. Lepidostoma podager (McL.).—Definite records have been available only from California. The following record extends the species into the Rocky Mountain area. Wyoming: Madison Jet., Yellowstone Natl. Park, July 6, 1946, Marion E. Smith. Lepidostoma quercina Ross.—Until now recorded only from Oregon and Idaho. Washington: Kuschi Creek, near Goldendale, May 29, 1952, D. G. Denning. Lepidostoma querla Denning.—Previously record only from type locality, Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona. Arizona: Diamond Creek, White Mts., June 20, 1950, R. H. Beamer. Lepidostoma roafi (Milne).—Well distributed in the western half of the country. The following are new northern records. Yukon Territory: Alaska Highway, Mile Post 632, June 28, 1952, C. P. Alexander. Alberta: Banff, Aug. 14, 1949, C. P. Alexander. Lepidostoma swannanoa Ross.—Eastern in distribution: New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina and now Massachusetts. Massachusetts: Amherst, June 9, 1941, Marion E. Smith. Lepidostoma strophis Ross.—Transcontinental and well dis- 194 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 tributed through the West, but unrecorded from Idaho. The first antennal segment, with tire peculiar knob along the mesal surface near the base of the segment, is illustrated in fig. 8A. Idaho: Lewiston, May 25, 1952, D. G. Denning. Lepidostoma togatum (Hagen).—Distributed through the east¬ ern half of the country. The Alberta record extends the known range northwestward. Alberta: Wahamum, July 13, 1939, E. H. Strickland. Nova Scotia: Hali¬ fax Co., near Ecum Secum, June 29, 1951, C. P. Alexander; Inverness Co., Margaree River, July 3, 1951, C. P. Alexander. Lepidostoma unicolor (Banks).—Widely distributed from Min¬ nesota to the Pacific Coast and northward into Saskatchewan. Now known to occur in the Southwest. Arizona: Big Creek, Graham Mts., Graham County, Aug. 19, 1952, Hugh Leech. California: Tanbark Flats, Los Angeles County, July 2, 10, 26, 1952, A. T. McClay. ANOTHER WEEVIL INJURIOUS TO STRAWBERRIES On July 11 of 1953 the author was called to examine a field of strawberries near Hillsboro, Oregon, that had been severely in¬ jured by weevil larvae. The larvae had eaten into the crowns of the plants and killed many of them. The injury was so severe that the grower later plowed up the field. This weevil may become quite injurious if it spreads to other strawberry growing districts. Adult weevils were found feeding on the edges of the leaves and resting under the foliage. They were identified by Miss Rose E. Warner of the National Museum as Peritelinus oregonus Van Dyke. In a personal letter, C. F. W. Muesbeck stated that P. oregonus had been taken on filbert leaves in Oregon and on Achillea lanulosa. This is the first time it has been recorded on strawberries. The original description by Van Dyke 1 states that the type series was collected on oak, Quercus Garry ana at Corvallis on June 3, 1914. He also mentioned specimens from Klamath Falls, Oregon, collected on July 9, 1934. There are other Oregon records from Salem, Dallas and Alsea Mountain. The seasonal dates of collection of the adults range from April 27 to July 11.— R. G. Rosenstiel, Oregon State College, Corvallis. 1 Van Dyke, Edwin C. 193G. New species of North American weevils in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Brachyrhininae, V. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 12 (1) : 19-32. july, 1954 ] MOORE-ENDEODES 195 NOTES ON ENDEODES LECONTE WITH A DESCRIPTION OE A NEW SPECIES FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA (Coleoptera: Malachiidae) Ian Moore El Cajon, California In this paper, a new species of Endeodes is described from Baja, California, Mexico; one previously described species is treated as a synonym, and some notes on habitat and extensions of range are recorded. The genus Endeodes is known only from the marine littoral of the Pacific Coast of North America. Two of the species of the genus (basalis and blaisdelli) are found abundantly only south of Point Conception, California, and have several characteristics in common which they do not share with the three more northern species. The two southern species are found from May to Novem¬ ber, almost exclusively under debris, largely dried seaweed, just within the reach of the highest tides on the sandy beaches in association with the much more abundant Phyconomus marinus (LeConte) and Epantus obscurus (LeConte). In each of the southern species the elytra are at least twice as long as wide, so that they normally cover part of the abdomen. In the three more northern species, the elytra are very much shorter, each elytron being very little longer than wide, so that it does not extend over the abdomen. I have found two of the. latter species (insularis and rugiceps) in September and October, largely in association with Thallaso- trechus in cracks in the rocks which were exposed at low tide. Extensive collecting on the sandy beaches uncovered a few specimens of collaris on one occasion under a sheet of galvanized iron and, although Epantis obscurus (LeConte) and Phyconomus marinus (LeConte) were both common in this area, 1 was unable to find Endeodes associated with them. Blackwelder (1932) states that his specimens were taken largely under driftwood, Blackwelder’s excellent revision of the genus (Pan-Pac. Ent., VIII, p. 128, 1932) is sufficient for easy identification of the previously known species, but a new key is presented here to in¬ clude the new species which cannot be incorporated with his key. 196 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXX, NO. 3 A Key to the Species of Endeodes LeConte 1. Each elytron at least twice as long as wide.2 Each elytron not much longer than wide.3 2. Elytra concolorous, ferruginous... blaisdelli Elytra of bicolorous, ferruginous basally and black apically . . basalis 3. Legs, antennae, and mouthparts darker than thorax.4 Legs, antennae, and mouthparts pale. insularis 4. Head black. collaris Head reddish. rugiceps The following notes record some new localities and extensions of range for some of the species. Endeodes blaisdelli Moore, new species Color ferruginous; abdomen, eyes and tips of mandibles black. Head about as long as broad, covered with a fine, pale, sparse pubescence. Eyes with a few very short hairs between the facets. Labrum and clypeus slightly paler than head. Pronntum a little broader than long, widest at about the apical third, considerably narrowed at base, sides rather evenly arcuate, pubescence as on head. Elytra concolorous, pale ferruginous throughout, somewhat translucent, the dark color of the abdomen showing through the posterior fourth. Each elytron about twice as long as wide, only slightly expanded apically, conjointly nearly forming a square, sutural margins meeting for their entire length, apical margins nearly straight and truncate at right angles to the sutural margins with narrowly rounded internal angles and broadly rounded external angles. Elytra clothed in a fine sparse pubescence with a few scattered erect setae. Legs entirely ferruginous except for the black comb of setae on the second segment of the front tarsi in the male. Tibiae covered with short setae which are denser on apical half of middle tibiae. Abdomen shining black, a little lighter beneath, with a very fine, sparse pubescence which is a little longer below than above. Length 4.5 mm. Male with second tarsal segment of anterior tarsus expanded over third, terminating in a comb of stout, dense, black setae. Female with anterior tarsus simple. Holotype (Calif. Acad. Sci.) male, from Colonia Guerrera Baja California, Mexico, August 19, 1950. Allotype (Calif. Acad. Sci.) female, same data as holotype. Paratypes sixty-seven speci¬ mens from Colonia Guerrera, Baja California, Mexico, August 19, 1950, and one specimen from the same locality, May 28, 1950. Two paratypes have been deposited in each of the following col¬ lections: U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; American Museum of Natural History, New York City; Chicago Natural History Museum; Canadian National Collection, Ottawa; British Museum, London; Collection of Dr. R. E. Blackwelder, Washington, D. C.; San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, Calif. Ten para- July, 1954 ] MOORE-ENDEODES 197 types are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, and the remainder in my own collection. The sixty-nine specimens collected on August 19, 1950, in¬ cluding the holotype and allotype, were taken from one very limited section of beach under small patches of dry seaweed, mostly rockgrass mixed with some kelp. The beach here is backed up by high sand dunes extending south from the mouth of the Santo Domingo River and gradually diminishing in size to near the salt marshes north of San Quintin Bay. In about the middle of this area, where the beach was slightly arched to seaward, a very high tide had cut away the sand, leaving a bank about a foot high and a thousand yards long. All the specimens were found within a belt about two feet wide to seaward of this undercut, and were more or less regularly scattered along its entire length. The beach, for its entire length, in a belt about twenty feet above and ten feet below the populated strip, was covered with similar patches of seaweed; however, not a single specimen was found elsewhere after several hours of careful searching. This species is most nearly related to basalis by the length of the elytra, but can be distinguished from it at once by the concolorous elytra. It also differs from that species in the shape of the elytra, which are strongly truncate and more nearly rectangular. There is almost no variation in color in my entire series, and very little variation in the shape of the elytra and the shape of the pronotuin. This species is named for the late Dr. Frank E. Blaisdell, whose unlimited generosity with his own time was so helpful to me and to many others. Endeodes basalis (LeConte) I am unable to draw a line of distinction between basalis and abdominaiis in regard to the color of the abdomen or the shape of either the pronotum or the elytra, and I can find no other consistent difference to separate them. In my series of 245 specimens, there are twenty-two with the abdomen either entirely yellow or entirely ferruginous, and forty-four with it entirely black. The remaining 181 specimens display every gradation of color between the two extremes. Over 100 of these have the abdomen largely reddish with several small to large patches of black; and a few r specimens have the abdomen largely black with indistinct orange patches. Some specimens have light smoky or dark smoky abdomens. In a small series of specimens collected at La Jolla, California, the abdomen 198 the pan-pacific entomologist [vol. xxx, no. 3 is a clear yellow rather than ferruginous; and the clypeus and labrum are opaque cream color in contrast to the translucent ferruginous color of these parts in specimens of a more reddish cast. However, there are specimens which seem to be intermediate between these and the rest of the series; and they appear to possess no other consistent characters for their separation. Variations in the shapes of the elytra and pronotum are just as great as those of color, and show no correlation with each other or with the variations of color of the abdomen. I can only assume that they are color variations of a single species. Previously known from San Luis Obispo County to San Diego County, California. I have collected a large series of all color varieties except pure yellow, from Halfway House, Descanso Bay, Baja California, Mexico, in July and August; and four specimens of both black and mixed colors from Sausal, Baja California, Mexico, in July. A series of specimens showing the range of vari¬ ation has been deposited in the entomological collections of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Endeodes insularis Blackwelder Previously known from San Miguel Island and the adjacent Prince Island, California. I collected three specimens at Gaviota State Park, Santa Barbara County, California, in October. The islands are almost due south and nearly opposite this part of the mainland. My specimens were taken in company with Thallaso- trechus nigripennis Van Dyke from cracks in a tilted sedimentary sandstone formation which was exposed by the low tide. They were found below the mean high water mark. Endeodes collaris (LeConte) Known from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, south to Monterey County, California. I have taken it. in October from cracks in the rocks below mean high tide in association with Thallnsotrechns nigripennis Van Dyke and Liparocephalus at Moss Beach, San Mateo County, California; and from beneath a sheet of galvanized iron on the sandy beach above the high water mark at Santa Cruz, California, in October. I am indebted to Mr. Hugh B. Leech of the California Academy of Sciences for the loan of specimens and for many other favors, and to the late Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke for many helpful sug¬ gestions in both the laboratory and the field. July, 1954 ] HURD-XYLOCOPA CALIFORNICA 199 A POLYTYPIC INTERPRETATION OF THE CALIFORNIA CARPENTER BEE XYLOCOPA CALIFORNICA WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES AND NOTES ON A POSSIBLE POLYTOPIC FORM (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) Paul D. Hurd, Jr. University of California, Berkeley In the course of preparing a review of the Carpenter bees of California 1 a new subspecies of Xylocopa californica has been recognized in the material originating from the mountainous regions of cismontane southern California. Cresson (1864) characterized as a new species Xylocopa cali- fornica from Fort Crook, California, and Xylocopa arizonensis from Arizona. Cockerell (1904) remarked that he could find no valid structural characters separating these two forms and regarded them as subspecies. X. calif ornica arizonensis, according to Cock¬ erell, occurred from Los Angeles, California, eastward to New Mexico and southward to San Jose de Guaymas, Mexico; cali¬ fornica proper was restricted to northern California. Ackerman (1916:230) states in his revision of the Nearctic species that californica and arizonensis are specifically distinct. This author mentions that he noted a difference in the genitalia of the two forms and further remarked that he found differences in coloration and in the expression of pale pilosity on the abdomen. He gives the geographic range of californica as California, Nevada, Colorado and South Dakota and that of arizonensis as Arizona, New Mexico, Lower California, Texas, and Mexico. In the recent Synoptic Catalog of Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico Michener (1951) has accorded californica and arizonensis sub¬ specific status listing californica arizonensis from Texas, New Mex¬ ico, Arizona, California, Mexico (deserts) and californica proper from South Dakota, Colorado, Nevada, Arizona and California. The present writer has made a critical morphological study of this complex and has been unable to demonstrate any structural character, apart from color and the amounts of pale pilosity, which 1 The Carpenter Bees of California, Bull. Calif. Insect Survey (in manuscript). 200 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXX, NO. 3 could be used to regard these forms as separate species. Moreover, a geographical analysis of the distribution of these forms clearly indicates they are geographic segregates (see map). On the basis of coloration, Xylocopa californica contains three readily recognizable subspecies, which geographically replace one another. Each subspecies uses different softwoods in which to nest. The subspecies californica proper nests in redwood and incense cedar; diamesa nests principally in Yucca whipplei; and ari- zonensis uses various desert agaves and yuccas. From the high mountain localities in southern California (San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains) several specimens are available which are phenotypically very much like californica proper and suggest the possibility of a high mountain population which is using the isolated stands of incense cedar in which to nest. If this is the case it is possible that these bees are either of polytopic origin, having been derived from the yucca-using diamesa , or may be isolates of californica proper which have remained associated with these now isolated stands of incense cedar. It is significant, however, that the available specimens from these high mountain southern California localities are not phenotypically equivalent to the Sierran popula¬ tions of californica proper. A critical field study of these isolates is needed before an understanding of origin and relationships can be achieved. The three subspecies concerned may be separated by the follow¬ ing key. Key to the Subspecies of Xylocopa californica Cresson 1. Males ... 2 Females ... 4 2(1) Abdomen predominantly blue in color; fourth metasomal tergum without a medially interrupted fringe of whitish hairs ... 3 Abdomen predominantly green in color; fourth metasomal tergum with a medially interrupted fringe of whitish hairs. North coast and Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and southern Cascade Moun¬ tains of Oregon ......-. californica 3(2) Wings heavily infuscated with black and strongly violaceous; abdo¬ men dark blue. Deserts of California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Texas and Mexico.. arizonensis Wings paler, not heavily infuscated with black, less strongly violace¬ ous; abdomen blue, often blue with traces of green. Mountains of cismontane southern California northward to Monterey County........ . diamesa JULY, 1954] HURD—XYLOCOPA CAL1FORNICA 201 4(1) Abdomen predominantly blue. 5 Abdomen predominantly green. North coast and Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and southern Cascade Mountains of Oregon ...-... californica 5(4) Wings heavily infuscated with black and strongly violaceous; abdo¬ men dark blue. Deserts of California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Texas and Mexico .-... arizonensis Wings paler, not heavily infuscated with black, less strongly violace¬ ous; abdomen blue, often blue with traces of green. Mountains of cismontane southern California northward to Monterey County . . diamesa Fig. 1. — Distribution of Xylocopa californica Cresson within California. 202 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXX, NO. 3 Xylocopa californica diamesa Hurd, new subspecies Diagnostic characters. — Male. Head, body, and legs blue, sometimes with green reflections. Wings infuscated with black, violaceous, but much less intense than in arizonensis, but darker than in californica proper. Abdo¬ men without a fringe of pale hairs on fourth metasomal tergum. Female. Similar to male, but wings somewhat darker. Holotype male, allotype female, and one paratype female from Crystal Lake, San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County, California, July 9, 1952, collected by Joan Linsley. Additional paratypes are from the type locality, on June 29, 1950 (W. C. Ben- tinck, A. T. MacClay, J. W. MacSwain, M. J. Stebbins, and H. N. Yokoyama), on July 9, 1952, (R. L. Anderson, R. M. Bohart, E. M. Evans, A. Gregarick, H. L. Mathis, A. T. McClay, S. Miyagawa and J. H. Nakata), and on July 7, 1934, (C. D. Michener). Other paratypes are from Camp Baldy, San Gabriel Mountains, Los Ange¬ les County, California, July 4, 1928, (F. B. Foley), on June 26, 1950, flowers Frernontia (P. D. Hurd, Jr.), on July 11, 1950, (H. L. Hansen, P. D. Hurd, Jr., J. D. Paschke), and on July 7, 1952, (A. R. Maggenti). One additional paratype is from Tanbark Flat, San Dimas Experimental Forest. San Gabriel Mountains, Los Ange¬ les County, California, July 3, 1950, (H. M. Graham). The holo¬ type and allotype are on deposit in the California Academy of Sciences. As the name diamesa suggests this subspecies is intermediate in its character between californica proper and arizonensis. Geo¬ graphically it occupies an intervening area betwen the aforemen¬ tioned subspecies. Literature Cited Ackerman, Arthur 1916. The Carpenter-Bees of the United States of the genus Xylocopa. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., 24:196-209. Cockerell, T. D. A. 1904. The Bees of Southern California. V. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 3(6):86-87. Ckesson, Ezra T. 1864. Descriptions of several new species of North American Apidae. Ent. Soc. Phila., 3:40. Michener, Charles D. Tin Muesebeck, C. F. W., et al.'\ 1951. Hymenoptera of American North of Mexico Synoptic Catalog. U. S. Dept. Agr. Monograph 2:1246, July, 1954 ] ROZEN-OREOPASITES LARVA 203 MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF OREOPASITES VANDUZEEI COCKERELL (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) Jerome G. Rozen, Jr. 1 University of California, Berkeley This paper represents the first description of the larva of a member of the Ammobatini, a tribe composed entirely of parasitic bees. Oreopasites, the only New World genus belonging to this tribe, is parasitic on the panurgine bees of the genus 1\omadopsis Ashmead. The specimens upon which this paper is based were recovered from the cells of Nomadopsis anthidius (Fowler), a large species, which gathers pollen from various species of Trifolium . The iden¬ tification of the parasitic bee larvae was made by inference from the great number of large-sized Oreopasites vanduzeei Cockerell, which were found at the nesting site of the host bee. Three of the parasitic larvae were exhumed and preserved. One is a large-sized, yellowish specimen, which, on the basis of the author’s experience with other bee larvae, is obviously the hibernat¬ ing form. One, slightly larger, is whitish and is the fully-grown larva which has not yet defecated and assumed the hibernating ap¬ pearance. In lieu of a more appropriate name for this form, it will be called the “white larva" because of its color, although body form is just as striking a difference between it and the hibernating one. The third larva is the> first instar. In the description of these three larvae, the morphological terms and the study techniques which were employed by Michener (1953) have been adopted for the most part. Because Michener (ibid.) in his comprehensive study of bee larvae was not fully able to discern between hibernating and pre¬ hibernating larval forms, it is perhaps worth-while to describe and to discuss the differences between them for this species. These dis¬ similarities are apparently due to several reasons, one of the main ones being the elimination of the fecal material by the larva as it enters the hibernating stage. The material consists of the undigest- able portion of all the pollen which the individual has consumed during the larval stage. The defecation of such a large quantity undoubtedly causes the very marked difference between the body 1 The author wishes to express his thanks to Dr. E. Gorton Linsley, who very kindly read the manuscript. 204 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 shape of the two laxx'ae, and may account for the “white larva’s” having a smooth integument while the hibernating form has a finely wrinkled one. Other differences between these two are prob¬ ably associated with physiological changes in the organism as it enters diapause and prepares to withstand the adverse winter weather conditions. The following is a summarization of the differences betiveen these two larvae. In the “white larva” the head capsule is in general less sclerotized, as is evidenced by its comparative lack of rigidity and lighter coloration. The hibernating larva has several folds (figs. 5 and 6) on the lateral portions of the labiomaxillary region, which may be mistaken for a suture separating the two component mouthparts. Such folds are absent in the “white larva,” so that it is assumed that these folds are superficial, being due to the reduc¬ tion of the body content after defecation. As is stated above, the body integument of the “white larva” is smooth, whereas that of the hibernating form is finely wrinkled. In color the “white larva” is translucent white and not opaque with a yellowish hue as is the hibernating one. Intersegmental lines are very shallow in the “white larva,” while they are deeply incised in the other. The “white larva” is subcircular; the hibernating form, seen in cross- section through the apices of the dorsolateral tubercles, is strongly dorsoventrally compressed, so that the body at its largest diameter is nearly twice as wide as high. The shape of the dorsolateral tuber¬ cles differs between the two forms; this dissimilarity is discussed in the description of the larva. The main differences between the two larval forms are those listed above. In all other major respects the larvae are identical and are described together below as the mature larva. Description of Mature Larva Head: Capsule with integument very lightly sclerotized, bearing few scattered setae. Anterior and posterior tentorial arms very short in both hibernating and “white” larvae; remaining portion of tentorium absent. Posterior tentorial pits situated slightly below hypostomal thickening. Poster¬ ior thickening of head capsule, except near connection to hypostomal thick¬ ening, very faint, so that boundary between head and body difficult to distin¬ guish; near hypostomal suture posterior thickening pronounced, though some¬ what less so than hypostomal thickening, and running in the same direction as, and as a continuation of, hypostomal thickening. Hypostomal thickening and corresponding suture pronounced. Pleurostomal thickening pronounced. Epistomal thickening and corresponding suture between precoilae and an¬ terior tentorial pits weak, though evident; epistomal thickening between July, 1954 ] ROZEN-OREOPASITES LARVA 205 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Oreopasites vanduzeei Cockerell Fig. 1, hibernating larva, lateral view; fig. 2, spiracle; fig. 3, first instar, dorsal view of head; fig. 4, first instar, lateral view of head; fig. 5, hibernat¬ ing larva, front view of head; fig. 6, hibernating larva, lateral view of head. 206 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 anterior tentorial pits obscure, perhaps extending upward and running im¬ mediately mesad of each antenna; epistomal suture absent. Antennae low convexities. Parietal bands faint, clearly seen only on cleared head capsule. Labrum protruding (in drawn specimen labrum has been somewhat flattened and tubercles abnormally directed ventrad instead of anteriad as in “white larva”) ; integument with minute spicule-like projections and apically with scattered sensilla; labral tubercles long, attenuate. Hypopharynx united with surrounding maxillae and labium so as to be difficult to definitely delin¬ eate, except perhaps for shallow, unsclerotized groove in approximate posi¬ tion of hypopharyngeal groove; integument without spicules or sensilla. Salivary opening circular, not labiate, and situated somewhat below supposed hypopharyngeal groove. Mandibles at base stout; at apex pointed, curved inward, and with upper and lower margin coarsely serrate; mandibles nearly identical to those of Nomada fowleri Cockerell as drawn by Michener (1953:1069) except dentition on cusp lacking. Maxillae so fused with sur¬ rounding mouthparts as to be impossible to delineate, though evident apically as slight, palpus-bearing convexities, which are weakly sclerotized in over¬ wintering larva, and which lie immediately below mandibles; palpi small but distinct, each bearing two apical sensilla; each maxilla with single sensil- lum laterad of palpus. Labium exceeded by hypopharynx, not divided into prementum and postmennim; palpi completely lost except apparently for two sensilla, each of which is in approximate position of palpus. Body: Integument minutely spiculate. Intrasegmental lines absent. Dor¬ solateral tubercles in “white larva” very low, scarcely noticeable toward posterior end of abdomen; in hibernating larva apex of tubercles as high as elevation of body at median line, so that body surface, between apices of tubercles on same segment, straight. Spiracular atrium protruding above, body wall, with rim, and with rows of small teeth on inner surface; peritreme flat or perhaps slightly concave. It may be of some interest to note that of the three spiracles of mature larvae to be examined, one, that of the hibernating larva, contained in the atrium a single pollen grain of Trifolium, and the two from the “white larva” contained in their atria three and four pollen grains. While the atrial opening is large enough to allow the pollen grains to enter, the collar of the primary tracheal opening is sufficiently small to exclude the grains from entering the sub¬ atrium. On the basis of the morphology of the mature larva, Oreopa- sites seems to fall well within the Neopasites-Nomada-JLpeohm group, a group which, though appearing unrelated in adult charac¬ teristics, has larvae which are very similar to one another as re¬ ported by Michener (1953). The larva of Oreopasites shares with this group the following characters which are listed by Michener (1953:1066) for the group: salivary opening reduced, without lips; antennal papillae reduced; mandibles acute at apices. Within July, 1954 ] ROZEN—OREOPASITES LARVA 207 this group of parasitis bees, Oreopasites seems to be most similar to Nornada as is shown by the following list of characters which the two genera hold in common: head capsule weakly sclerotized, broadly attached to body; posterior thickening of head capsule weak; tentorial pits weak; mandibular shape and dentition (except on cusp); labiomaxillary region reduced; spiracular shape; and over-all body shape. Oreopasites differs from the above mentioned group in the peculiar position of the posterior tentorial pits; the unspiculate hypopharynx; the lack of dentition on the mandibular cusp (also lacking in the Epeolini), though the mandible is otherwise iden¬ tical with that of Nornada; in the apparently even more reduced labiomaxillary region, including the near loss of the labial palpi; and from Nornada and Neopasites in the presence of atrial spines which, moreover, are quite different from those of the Epeolini. While the morphology of the mature larva of Oreopasites is of particular interest because of the light it throws on the phylo¬ genetic relationships of the genus (and the tribe) to other groups, the morphology of the first instar is of interest because of the adaptation of the first instar for killing the egg or perhaps young larva of the host bee. The first instar is markedly different from the mature larva. Unfortunately, a complete description of the first instar is impos¬ sible because of the specimen’s extremely small size (length 1.1 mm.) and because the specimen was about to molt, so that por¬ tions of the integument of the second instar are visible and thus obscure the structures on the first instar. However, a brief des¬ cription is given and the head has been drawn (figs. 3 and 4), so that at least some idea of the larva can be gained. The head is elongate, more prognathus than that of the mature larva. The labral tubercles are very long, extending anteriad well beyond the closed mandibles. The mandibles are sickle-shaped and beset with short teeth on their inner edge. The antennae, maxillary palpi, and labial palpi have the same number of sensilla as the mature larva. The posterior tentorial pits are in the same position as in the mature larva. The post-cephalic region is slender, un- curved, and not grub-shaped. Michener, C. D. Literature Cited 1953. Comparative morphological and systematic studies of bee larvae with a key to the families of hymenopterous larvae; Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 35(8):987-1102, 287 figs. 208 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 AN EFFICIENT METHOD OF COLLECTING DUNG BEETLES In 1884, C. H. Roberts* recorded a method of collecting dung beetles which, with some refinements, has proved so effective that it seems worthy of recording again. The following implements are used: A pail, a circle of ^-inch mesh wire screen of a small enough diameter to fit into the pail, to the center of which has been secured a weight (any small pipe fitting will do), a collecting jar of alcohol, a strip of fine mesh wire window screen narrow enough to insert into the collecting jar, and a five-gallon can of water. The dung is placed in the bucket with the coarse mesh screen on top to hold it down, and water added to cover. The beetles will some quickly to the surface and may be easily scooped up with the strip of window screen which is then dipped into the jar of alcohol to dislodge them. In this way, the entire population of a single dropping, sometimes hundreds of specimens, may be taken in a very few minutes. This method is not only fast but relatively clean if a spade is handy. —Ian Moore, EL Cajon, California. * C. H. Roberts in “Miscellaneous Notes” Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc. 1884, VII, p. 74 BOOK NOTICE THE COCONUT RHINOCEROS BEETLE (ORYCTES RHINOCEROS) WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE PALAU ISLANDS. By J. Linsley Gressitt, Honolulu; Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 212 viii-j-157 pp., 50 figs. November 1, 1953. The Palaus include 343 islands and islets, and form a group near the westward limits of the Caroline Islands, north of New Guinea. The destruc¬ tive Oryctes rhinoceros (Linnaeus) is thought to have been introduced into a central island, Koror, during 1942, by Japanese shipping. Because of an abundance of war-killed palms, the beetles were able to spread and within ten years kill 50% of the palms in the Palaus. 0. rhinoceros was introduced into the Samoan Islands over 40 years ago but has there killed only about 12% of the palms. The adults prefer mature coconut palms but will attack those of any age; they will feed on many other kinds of palms, native and introduced, as well as on Pandanus, sugar cane and pineapple. Larvae breed in dead trunks and stumps, compost piles, saw¬ dust pits, and other places where there is sufficient humus. Dr. Gressitt’s paper is based on six months of study in the Palaus and one in the Samoan Islands, 1951 and 1952 (sponsored by the Pacific Science Board), plus a review of the literature. Included are illustrated discussions of the morphology, biology and ecology of 0. rhinoceros in its various stages, damage evaluation and population studies, and biological, cultural and chemical control. There is a biblography (pp. 132-147) of 310 items, and a full index. Most of the 50 figures are compound.— Hugh B. Leech. july, 1954] BAILEY-RHIPIDOTHRIPS 209 A REVIEW OF THE GENUS RHIPIDOTHRIPS UZEL (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) Stanley F. Bailey University of California, Davis This genus of thrips has been considered chiefly European. Recent findings of two species in California (Bailey and C.ott, 1952) and Oregon, however, have added it to our North American fauna. Therefore, Rhipidothrips becomes a part of our series of reviews of the thrysanopterous genera. Since it is such a small group we have included all known species. In addition to the species given in the key below, several other thrips have been assigned to the genus Rhipidothrips . The Aus¬ tralian species aureus, described by Moulton, 1935, has been studied and found to belong in a new, yet undescribed genus re¬ lated to Desmothrips. R. turneri Moulton, 1930, was made the type of the new genus, Rhipidothripiella, by Bagnall in 1932. In turn, BagnalTs species uzelianus is now synonymized with gratiosus Uzel. Acknowledgments are very much in order as we are indebted to H. Priesner and J. D. Hood for the loan of valuable specimens. Without this considered cooperation such reviews in the Thysanop¬ tera are nearly impossible. In addition, we wish to thank E. S. Ross of the California Academy of Sciences for making the Moulton collection available. Genus Rhipidothrips Uzel, 1895 Head longer than wide, slightly produced beyond eyes, broadly attached to thorax. Compound eyes prolonged ventrally. Ocelli present. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Labial palpi 4-segmented. Antennae 9-segmented, the ter¬ minal three segments fused, the third long; segments III and IV with ventral clear lense-shaped sensory areas at distal position, sometimes nearly forming a band around the segment. Pronotum wider than long with lateral suture at each side along the long axis of the body. Bristles weak at anterior margin usually with one longer than others at each posterior lateral angle and two or more pairs along posterior margin. Fore tarsus with hook and a strong spine at distal end of fore tibiae. Wings broad and rounded; fore wings with typical aeolothripid veination with the exception of vestigial cross¬ veins in the posterior portion; brachypterous forms with reduced veina¬ tion (fig. 10). Abdomen broadly joined to thorax, tapering sharply at posterior, ovipositor up-curved. Terminal segments of male without claspers, heavy spines or chitinized projections (fig. 2). Genotype: Rhipidothrips gratiosus Uzel, 1895. By monotypy. See also Priesner, 1949, p. 147. 210 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 This genus belongs in the group aeolothripini and har the rare genra Arhipidothrips Bagnall, 1932 (Faure, 1941) and RJupido- thripiella Bagnall, 1932, as its relatives. Other members of this group are Euceratothrips Hood, 1936, Lamprot.hrips Moulton, 1935, Pseudaeolothrips Bagnall, 1932, and the very large, world¬ wide genus Aeolothrips. Aside from this last-mentioned genus, extremely few specimens have ever been taken and, at present, it is impossible to evaluate the group as a whole. We believe the mem¬ bers of the genus to be predaceous (see also Bagnall and John, 1935), feeding on the larvae of other thrips as Anaphothrips, Chirothrips, Limothrips, etc. Rhipidothrips appear to reach the peak of seasonal abundance at the time the larvae of the above mentioned genera are most numerous on grains and grasses. Key to the Species of Rhiptdothrips 1. Antennal segment II yellow; dorsum of head with a distinct collar of polygonal reticulations at posterior (fig. 4) ..... gratiosus - Antennal segment II brown or grey; dorsum of head transversely striate-2 2. Forewing of macropterous forms with a brown cross-band; abdominal segments IV and V white; antennal segment IV white . cinctus - Forewing without cross-bands; abdominal segments otherwise colored or uniform brown; antennal segment IV pale yellowish brown to dark brown ... 3 3. Large species, body length 2.5 mm.; length of antennal segment III .087 mm., VIII .008 mm.; tip of antennal segment III dark brown ....kellyanus - Smaller species, body length about 1.6 mm.; antennal segment III, .064 mm., VIII, .013—.020 mm.; Ill, yellow . 4 4. Bristles behind eyes few, weak; intercollar bristles weak. Transverse striations on dorsum of head uniform, one line heavier than remainder, giving the appearance of a posterior collar (fig. 3).. niveipennis - Cluster of short stout bristles behind eyes, intercollar bristles strong; striations on dorsum of head forming a collar-like appearance at pos¬ terior (condition unknown in cahirensis); remainder of surface weakly striated (fig. 1) . brunneus and cahirensis DISCUSSION OF THE SPECIES Rhipidothrips brunneus Williams 1913. Williams, C. B. Jour. Econ. Biol. 8 (4) ; 216-218. 1926. Priesner, H. Thys. Eur. Wagner. Vienna. Page 97. Female (brachypterous). Body dark brown with red subhypodermal pigment which does not extend into the appendages. Distal portions of tibiae and all of tarsi are yellow. Wing stubs (fig. 10) faint smoky grey. Antennal segments are colored as follows: I, dark brown; II, dark brown, shading to yellowish brown at tip; III, yellow; IV, yellow, shading to light brown at tip; V—IX, dark brown. Head with cheeks slightly arched and a cluster of short spines on margin posterior to eyes, about as long as wide (fig. 1). Three ocelli placed in a triangle, with one pair of moderately july, 1954] BAILEY-RHIPIDOTHRIPS 211 long bristles placed just outside an imaginary line drawn from anterior ocellus to each posterior one. Anterior ocellus minute. Surface of head faintly cross-striate, heavier along posterior margin forming a collar. Maxil¬ lary palpi three-segmented and labial palpi four-segmented. Mouthcone short and blunt. Eyes normal and extending ventrally somewhat beyond the dorsal posterior margin. Sensory areas on antennal segments III and IV are on venter at distal end and are lense-shaped (fig. 5), that on segment IV extending halfway around segment; two simple, slender cones on each of segments V and VI, and one on VII. Pronotum slightly wider than long and wider across anterior margin than posterior, with a lateral suture extending two-thirds of its length on each side (fig. 1). One moderately long bristle at each lateral posterior angle approximately at the posterior end of above-mentioned suture; one short bristle at each anterior-lateral margin, directed forward, and two or three pairs along posterior margin. A short irregular line or thickening occurs in the center and very faint cross-striations are evident. Fore legs are short and heavy. The heavy claw, typical of the family, is present on the fore tarsus and at the tip of the tibiae are two heavy spines on the interior, one being more in the nature of a spur. The ovipositor is up-curved and no other distinguishing characteristics appear on the abdomen. Female (macropterous). Our study is based on only one California macropterous specimen. This form is slightly larger than the brachypterous forms, and the setae are somewhat darker and longer. The short, thick bristles behind the eyes and on the lateral margin of cheeks are present. The reticulations on the head and pronotum and general coloration do not vary significantly. For comparison with niveipennis particularly, we give the measurements (mm.) : head, length, 0.202, width, 0.190; interocellar bristles, 0.035-0.038; pronotum, length, 0.175. width, 0.297; bristles at posterior lateral margins of pronotum, 0.044—0.048; forewing, length, 0.981, width at center, 0.135; antennal segments, length I, 0.035; II, 0.051; III, 0.068; IV, 0.064; V, 0.057; VI, 0.048; VII, 0.038; VIII 0.017; IX, 0.009. Total body length, 2.05. Cross veins are absent in the posterior third of the fore wing. The posterior third is colored a smoky brown, producing a faint longitidunal band (fig. 12). Scalon (1931) first mentioned this form which obviously is very rare. This form is close to niveipennis as also pointed out by Speyer. We have compared it with four specimens of the Reuter species (det. by Priesner) and find that in the European specimens the setae are weaker and colorless, the interocellars are 0.019—0.022 mm. long, the posterior lateral pronotals, 0.032-0.041 mm. and the forewing smaller, 0.864 mm. long, 0.094 mm. wdde at center. The cluster of short, stout bristles behind the eyes are entirely absent or extremely weak. Measurements (in millimeters) of brachypterous female: head, length, 0.192, width, 0.198; pronotum, length, 0.148, width (at anterior margin), 0.210; interocellar bristles 0.028, those at posterior lateral angle of pronotum 212 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 .041-043; total body length, 2.01. Anetnnal segments, length, I, 0.032; II, 0.048; III, 0.064; IV, 0.051; V, 0.051; VI, 0.041; VII, 0.032; VIII, 0.014; IX, 0.011. Male - unknown. Material studied: Sussex, England, two females; Albany, Ore¬ gon, three females; Granger, Oregon, five females; Corvallis, Oregon, 14 females (Moulton, 1939) ; Vacaville, Fairfield, Skaggs Island, and Palo Alto California, 43 brachypterous females, and one macropterous female from Skaggs Island. Hosts: Grasses, oats, Osmaronia. Distribution: England, Siberia, Austria, France, North Amer¬ ica: Oregon, California. The California records are new. Rhipidothrips cahiresis Priesner 1932. Priesner, H. Bui. Soc. Roy. Ent. Egypt 25:45-46. It has not been possible to study either of the two brachypterous females on which this species was based. Comparing the description with brunneus to which it is very closely related, we find the principal difference to be that Priesner’s species is larger, and has longer antennae. When a longer series is available from this part of the world for comparison with brachypterous forms of brunneus, it will be possible to more properly evaluate cahirensis. In the meantime it must be keyed out with brunneus . This species was based on specimens taken on “grasses on March 27, 1930, near the Pyramids at a canal bank on the Sakkara road, in Giza Province.” Rhipidothrips cinctus Hood 1918. Hood. Mem. Queensld. Mus. 6:121-122. This species is known apparently only from the two original females. It is readily distinguishable from all others described up to the present time by the cross-band on the forewing and the hicolorus abdomen. The important recognition characters appear to be as follows: Antennal segments III and IV and abdominal segments IV and V nearly white; pronotum smooth; maxillary palpi three-segmented; macropterous, forewing with brown cross¬ band in distal third, apex brown. The describer gave the length of the nine antennal segments in microns as follows: 30, 48, 83, 72, 45, 31, 33, 20, 15; total 0.377 mm. As far as we know the species has not been taken since its original collection at Cooktown, North Queensland, February 4 and 24, 1912, sweeping, by A. A. Girault. Mr. George Mack, July, 1954 ] BAILEY-RHIPIDOTHRIPS 213 director of the Queensland Museum states that no types are on deposit at that institution. We have not seen the species. Rhipidothrips gratiosus Uzel 1895. Uzel, H. Mongr. Ord. Thys. Koniggratz. Pages 66-68, figs. 42-43. 1926. Priesner, H. Thys. Eur. Wagner. Vienna. Page 96. Female (macropterous). Body light brown, protonum yellow with an irregular ‘ k x”-marking of brown in center, head dark brown. Tarsi all yellow, distal and basal portion of tibiae, yellow, as well as basal portion of femora. Wings light grey with a smoky brown band longitudinally along posterior fourth of forewing. Antennal segments colored as follows: I, dark brown, II, yellow with dark brown ring at base, III, brownish yellow, dark at tip, TV, smoky brown with dark ring at tip, V—IX, dark brown. Sensory areas on segments III and IV extending two-thirds around segment (fig. 6). Head longer than wide, cheeks slightly curved outwards with 3-4 moderately heavy brilsles at lateral margins behind eyes. Three ocelli present, normal, with one pair of long seta (.038 mm. in length) on a line with or within an imaginary line drawn between the anterior ocellus and each posterior one. Eyes normal, not enlarged, but extending somewhat posteriorly beyond the hind dorsal margin. Minor setae longer and more numerous on head than on brunneus. Reticulations heavy and particularly prominent on poster¬ ior portion of head thus forming a “collar.” Microtrichia present, directed forward, on reticulations immediately anterior to collar. Maxillary palpi three-segmented and labial palpi four-segmented (figs. 8, 9). Sensor-y areas on antennal segments III and IV of the same type and similarly placed as on brunneus but larger, in addition two or three faint circular areas are present on the venter; those on the remaining segments are as in brunneus. Pronotum wider than long. One small seta at each anterior lateral angle and a scattered row of somewhat shorter setae along anterior margin. One long seta (.064—075 mm. in length) on lateral margin slightly forward of posterior laterial angle and three or four pair of shorter bristles evenly spaced, along posterior margin. The remainder of pronotum with scattered, irregularly spaced, minor setae. Striations appear weakly at the center and posterior margin. The lateral suture, so prominent in brunneus, is very faint in gratiosus but the small mid-dorsal line is present. Fore legs normal with a heavy tarsal hook on the underside, directed inward (fig. 11). Tibial “spurs” as in brunneus but somewhat less strongly developed. Wings as in brunneus (macropterous form) but slightly longer. Ovipositor normal. Measurements (mm.) of female: head, length, 0.195, width, 0.174; pronotum, length, 0.131, width, 0.198; forewing, length, 0.891, width (at center), 0.135; total body length (distended), 1.94. Antennal segments, length, I, 0.013; II, 0.210; III, 0.090; IV, 0.067; V, 0.054; VI, 0.044; VII, 0.035; VIII, 0.012; IX, 0.009. Male. Bagnall (1913) and Morison (1948) record males from England. Uzel, in his original description, stated that the male was smaller and more slender than the female, similarly colored and the dorsum of the first abdominal segment with the usual two ridges present. We have studied seven males and note no claspers or thorns or dimorphism in the antenna. 214 the pan-pacific entomologist [vol. xxx, no. 3 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Pig. 1. Head and pronotum of Rhipidothrips brunneus Wms. Fig. 2. Terminal abdominal segments of Rhipidothrips gratiosus Uzel, male. Fig. 3. Head and pronotum of Rhipidothrips niveipennis 0. M. Reuter. Fig. 4. Head and pronotum of Rhipidothrips gratiosus Uzel. Fig. 5. Antenna of Rhipido- July, 1954 ] BAILEY—RHIPIDOTHRIPS 215 To our knowledge there are no micropterous, brachypterous, or apterous forms of this species. Material studied: Cyprus, 1 female: Switzerland, 1 female; France, 5 females, 5 males; Austria, 7 females, 2 males; North America, California, 24 females. thrips brunneus Wms, Fig. 6. Antenna of Rhipiclothrips gratiosus Uzel. Fig. 7. Antenna of Rhipidothrips niveipennis 0. M. Reuter. Fig. 8. Maxillary palpus of Rhipidothrips gratiosus Uzel. Fig. 9. Labial palpus of Rhipido¬ thrips gratiosus Uzel. Fig. 10. Fore wing pad of Rhipidothrips brunneus Wms. Fig. 11. Fore tarsus and tip of tibia of Rhipidothrips gratiosus Uzel. Fig. 12. Fore wing of macropterous form of Rhipidothrips brunneus Wms. Scale: figs. 1, 3, 4, 10, 12, line equals 0.1 mm.; figs. 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, line equals 0.01 mm. 216 THE TAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXX, NO. 3 Hosts: Barley, oats, wild grasses, “flowering Dicotyledons”, Coronilla varia. Distribution: England, France, Bohemia, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland, Cyprus. New records: North America; California, near Beaumont, June 6, 1949, R. M. Bohart; San Luis Obispo, Pismo Beach, and Zaca Mt., April 24, 1951, S. F. Bailey and R. M. Bohart. These are the first records of the species in North America. Rhipidothrips kellyanas Bagnall 1924b. Bagnall, R. S. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, 13:584-585. Bagnall based this Australian species on two females, which from the description, is distinctly different from cinctus. The coloration of the forewings is typical of European species and the reticulated collar and the mottling on the head remind one of gratiosus. The peculiar shortening of the eighth antennal segment is a unique character but since this measurement is based on only one perfect specimen, it is impossible to say whether or not this is reliable. The writer recalls discussing this trips with the late Dudley Moulton and he was of the opinion it did not belong in Rhipidothrips. Nothing further can be done with this species at present. The two females were collected on April 22, 1923, on Eucalyptus leucoxylon by R. Kelly, Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Supposedly the slide is in the Bagnall collection in the British Museum, London, England. Rhipidothrips niveipennis 0. M. Reuter 1899. Reuter, 0. M. Act. Soc. Faun, Flor. Fenn. 17(2):30-31. 1926. Priesner, H. Thys. Eur. Wagner. Vienna. Pages 96-97. Female (macropterous). Body dark brown with red subhypodermal pigment. Distal portions of tibiae and all tarsi yellowish white. Wings normal, nearly colorless, faintly yellowish brown near base of forewings and along costal vein. Antennal segments colored as follows: I and II dark brown, III and IV yellow, V brownish yellow, VI—IX brown. Head with cheeks nearly straight with very weak spines, slightly longer than wide (fig. 3). Three ocelli, anterior one smaller than laterals; surface completely cross- striate, the lines anastomosing. Compound eyes prolonged ventrally; inter- ocellar bristles short. Maxillary palpi three-segmented; labial palpi four- segmented. Mouthcone extending slightly beyond the center of the prothorax. Sensory areas on antenna ventral, oval, that on IV larger than on III, placed near tip; two small simple cones on each of segments V—VH (fig. 7). Pronotum slightly wider than long; lateral suture present; surface lightly cross-striate; one moderately heavy bristle at posterior lateral angles. One pair on posterior margin at each side of center, one short seta at each July, 1954] BAILEY-RHIPIDOTHRIPS 217 anterior lateral angle, directed forward. Fore legs normal, with claw on basal tarsal segment and a spur at tip of tibia. Abdomen typically aeolothrip- oid in shape, ovipositor up-curved. Measurements (in millimeters); head, length, .041, width, 0.38; prono- tum, length .160, width, .166; total body length, 1.33. Antennal segments (length): I,.028; II, .041; III, .072; IV, .057; V, .054; VI, .040; VII, .030; VIII, .013; IX, .008. Mule: not available for study; very rare. Material studied: Three females (loaned from Hood collection) det. H. Priesner, coll. Ahlberg. Sweden, Experiment alfaltet, May 30, 1919. Host unknown (probably grasses). One female col¬ lected by Hukkinen, det. zy Priesner with no locality data. Hosts: Grasses, Abies, Rubus, Galium, Solidago, Convallaria, Taraxacum, Anthriscus, Urtica, Hieracium, and Alopecurus. Distribution: Sweden, Finland. Hukkinen (1935, 1942) reports both macropterous and brach- ypterous forms from Finland. Speyer and Parr (1951) report studying one of Hukkinen’s specimens which lacks the posterior lateral bristles on the pronotum, thus agreeing with the original description. The specimens we have studied all have setae on the pronotum as shown in fig. 3. Neither of the above authors (or Williams, 1916) mention other important diagnostic characters such as post-ocular and interocellar setae as well as the nature and extent of the dorsal reticulations on head and pronotum. Speyer points out that Reuter may have had two species before him, one of which is what we now believe to be the macropterous form of brunneus. However, we note differences in the two forms of brunneus and also point out that the brachyterous form (Hukkinen, 1935, 1942) of niveipennis has not been fully described. Some years thrips are known to produce many winged forms and the following season they will be scarce. Not until a large series of the two forms of these two species are collected and studied can this matter be definitely settled. When only a few speci¬ mens are available, it is possible that the individuals studied by both Reuter and Speyer are atypical. Rhipidothrips uzelianus Bagnail 1934. Bagnall, R. S. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, 14:482. This enigmatic species from Switzerland has not been clearly defined and has to our knowledge not been taken since Bagnall described it. The author distinguished it from gratiosus solely on minor differences in the size of the wings ,head, tibiae, and shorter 218 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 intermediate antennal segments. We have not seen this species but consider it of very doubtful validity. The only significant difference in the measurements given by Bagnall is in the length of antennal segment IV; that of gratiosus being given as 80 microns and that of uzelianus as 59. In a series of 25 female gratiosus which we have studied the length of this segment varies from 57 to 80, averaging 71.5 microns. Morison (1948) lists this species from England, quoting Bag¬ nall, but apparently did not collect it himself or critically study Bagnall’s material. In our collection we have one female of gratiosus taken and determined by Bagnall at Zurich, Switzerland, with the same col¬ lection data as the unique specimen of uzelianus Avith the exception of the host being “oats” instead of “ Br achy podium"'. It is a typical specimen of gratiosus with antennal segments of the following lengths: 28, 48, 99, 80, 57, 48, 35, 16, 11. Nothing further can be done to more definitely place this species until the type is studied and more material collected.* Ahlberg, Olof References 1920. Zur Kenntnis der schwedischen Thysanoptera. Arkiv. of Zool. Bd. 13, No. 17, pp. 2-3. 1926. Tripsar. Thysanoptera. Svensk Insektfauna. Entom. for Stock¬ holm. 6, 20-21, fig. 9, B. Bagnall, R. S. 1909. A contribution to our knowledge of the British Thysanoptera (Terebrantia), with notes on injurious species. Jour. Econ. Biol. 4(2) :41. 1912. A further contribution towards a knowledge of the British Thysan¬ optera (Terebrantia). ibid. 7(4):190. 1913. Further notes on new and rare British Thysanoptera (Terebran¬ tia) with descriptions of new species. Jour. Econ. Biol. 8(4) :232. 1924a. Some new or little-known British Thysanoptera. Ent. Mo. Mag., ser. 3, 60:114. May. 1924b. On a new species of Rhipidothrips (R. keUyanus, sp. n.) from Australia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, 13:584—585. June. 1930. On some new and rare British thrips. Ent. Mo. Mag. 66:47. 1932. Description of some new genera and species of African Aeolo- thripoid Thysanoptera. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 10(57) :291-292. 1934. Contributions towards a knowledge of the European Thysanoptera. V. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, 14:482. * Since this paper was prepared, E. R. Speyer has called my attention to his report of 1951 (Speyer and Parr, 1951) in which he has studied the type and al¬ ready synonymized it with gratiosus. July, 1954 ] BAILEY-RH1PID0THR1 PS 219 Bagnall, R. S', and Oscar John 1935. On some Thysanoptera collected in Fiance. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 104:311. Bailey, S. F. and H. Edwin Cott Thrips new to California. State of Calif., Dept of Agric. Bull. 41(3) :177. Faure, J. C. 1941. Records and descriptions of South African Thysanoptera. II. Jour. Econ. Soc. So. Afr. 4:100-107, figs. 1-6. Hood, J. D. 1918. New genera and species of Australian Thysanoptera. Mem. Queensld. Mus. 6:121-122. Hukkinen, Y. 1935. Verzeichnis der Thysanopteren Finnlands. Ann. Ent. Fenn. 1 (3) :86, 88. 1942. Blick auf die Erforschung der Thysanopterenfauna Finnlands, besonders ihrer schadlichen Arten. Ann. Ent. Fenn. 8(1) :28, 34, 35. Kelly, R. and R. J. B. Mayne 1934. The Australian thrips. Australian Med. Pub. Co. Ltd., Sydney. Pages 13-14. Morison, G. D. 1948. Tysanoptera of the London area. Part II. London Nat. Supple¬ ment (Reprint No. 59). Page 38. Moulton, D. 1930. Thysanoptera from Africa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, 5:197-198. 1935. New species of thrips from southwestern Australia. Jour. Roy. Soc. W. Australia. 21:98. 1939. Rhipidothrips brunneus Williams. Pan Pac. Ent. 15(1) :20. Priesner, H. 1926. Thysanopteren Europas. Lief. I, Pages 95-97. Wagner, Wien. 1928. Verzeichnis der Thysanopteren Ungarns. Ann. Mus. National Hung. 25:61. 1930. Die Thysanopteren-Typen O. M. Reuter. Deutsche ent. Zeitschr. Heft. 1, P. 39. Berlin. 1932. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Thysanoptera of Egypt. VII. Bui. Soc. Roy. Ent. Egypt. 25:45-46. 1949. Genera Thysanopterorum. Bui. Soc. Fouad 1st. 33:38, 147. Reuter, O. M. 1899. Forkecking och Beskrifnig ofver Finsaka Thysanoptera. Act. Soc. Faun. Fenn. 17(2) :30-31, fig. P. 30. Sc a lon, Olga 1931. Thysanoptera nouveaux pour la Siberie. Konowia 10(2) :90. Speyer, E. R. and W. J. Parr 1950. Studies upon Thysanoptera. Exp. and Res. Sta., Cheshunt, Herts, England. Pages 35-37, Plate 1, figs. 1—2. (Printed 1951.) Treherne, R. T. 1921. Notes on the Aeolothripidae (2). Proc. Ent. Soc. B. C. No. 16, System, Ser., page 11. 220 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 Uzel, Heinrich 1895. Monographic der Ordnung Thysanoptera. Pages 66—68, Taf. V., figs. 42-43. Koniggratz. Williams, C. B. 1913. Records and descriptions of British Thysanoptera. Jour. Econ. Biol. 8(4) :216—218. Williams, C. B. 1916. Biological and systematic notes on British Thysanoptera. The Ent. 49:221-222. USE OF BIRD NEST BY BUMBLEBEE A nest of a bumblebee, Bombus caliginosus (Frison), was found on May 1, 1954, in Berkeley, California in an old nest made by house finches \Carpodacus mexicanus (Muller) ] in 1953 or possibly 1952. The nest was placed about 15 feet above the ground against the redwood siding of a house and was supported by twigs of a broad-leaved ornamental shrub on the northeast side of the house. When found, the bird nest was occupied by a queen bee and contained a number of recently formed brood cells and a pollen mass within which were present six larvae, three pupae, and two egg masses of 9 and 10 eggs, respectively. Also present was a small lepidopterous larva Hofmannophila pseudospretella (Staint.) 1 . A new brood cell contained mites of the family Laelaptidae 2 of the genus Hypoaspis (s.l .). The nest chamber of the bee was within the soft, collapsed mass of bird nest material which was originally the lining. This con¬ sisted of thin fibers, chiefly grass, and many small wads of cottony and downy material apparently collected from plants such as willows and from Eucalyptus flower-heads. The entrance to the bee’s nest chamber was on top of the bird nest and led to a main chamber an inch from the surface occupied by the pollen mass. The new cell was inserted into another part of the nest and was connected with the main passage in front of the pollen mass. The bird nest was protected from rain by both the supporting shrub and a roof overhang. The over-winter use of a bird nest by Bombus is apparently unrecorded, hence this note.— Frank A. Pitelka, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. 1 Identified by H. W. Capps 2 Identified by D. P. Furman July, 1954] CAUSEY-MILLIPEDS 221 NEW RECORDS AND SPECIES OF MILLIPEDS FROM THE WESTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA Nell B. Causey Fayetteville, Arkansas Dr. and Mrs. Herbert W. Levi and Mr. Joe Gorman collected the millipeds reported here and kindly made them available to me. Both collections are important because they contain several species previously known only from the type collections. Holotypes will be deposited in the American Museum of Natural History and paratypes will be retained in the author’s collection. ORDER COLOBOGNATHA Family Andrognathidae Brachycybe producta Loomis Brachycybe producta Loomis, 1936. Proc. U. S'. Nat. Museum, 83:367-368, fig. 32, h, i. One female of 53 segments, width 3 mm., was collected by Mr. Gorman in Marin County, California, April 2, 1952. Ischnocybe plicata Cook and Loomis Ischnocybe plicata Cook and Loomis, 1928. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, 72: 22-24, pi. 1, fig. 6. One female of 57 segments was collected by Mr. Gorman at Genosee, Plumas County, California, April 13, 1952. Eucybe CLarus Chamberlin Eucybe clarus Chamberlin, 1941. Bull. Univ. Utah, Biol. Ser., 6(4) :3. One female of 58 segments, length about 20 mm., width 1.4 mm., agrees with the description of the female holotype except that there are three transverse rows of tubercles on the collum. Collected by the Levis at Patrick Creek, Del Norte County, California, July 4 1951 ’ ORDER POLYDESMOIDEA Family Xystodesmidae HARPAPHE HAYDEN1ANA (Wood) Polydesmus (Leptodesmus) haydenianus Wood, 1864. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1864) :10; 1865, Trans. American Plilos. Soc. 13:226-227, fig. 57. Leptodesmus haydenianus (Wood), Bollman, 1893. Bull. 46, U. S. Nat. Museum, 122. Harpaphe haydeniana (Wood), Cook, 1904. Harriman Alaska Exped., 8(1) : 59-60, pi. 3, figs 4a, 4b, 4c. A few adults and numerous larvae of stadium VII were collected by the Levis from moss and wet leaves along the shores of bodies of fresh water at Cape Perpetua, Lincoln County, Oregon, July 8, 1951. 222 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 Harpaphe pottera Chamberlin Harpaphe pottera Chamberlin, 1949. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 63:129, fig. 10. Several adult specimens were collected by Mr. Gorman at Low Pass Creek, March 25, 1951; on Brock Mt., April 16, 1952; and at Madison Creek, September 2, 1951, all in Shasta County, Cali¬ fornia. Prefemurs of legs with shorter spines than in H. haydeniana. Hybaphe tersa Cook (Figure 1) Hybaphe tersa Cook, 1904. Harriman Alaska Exped. 8(1) :58-59, pi. 3, fig. 3a. Mr. Gorman collected specimens of both sexes April 16, 1932, at Low Pass Creek and on Brock Mt., both in Shasta County, Cali¬ fornia. The color is striking, with the prozonites green and the metazonites red-orange. The femoral branch of the male gonopods is flattened and easily bent. In each specimen the apex of the femoral branch is slightly different, varying from acute, as il¬ lustrated by Cook, to rounded (fig. 1) in some and finely bifid in two. Another interesting variation is seen in the keels of segments 2 through 4; in some specimens there is a small but distinct tooth on the anterior angle of each of these keels, while in others there is only a trace of the tooth on one or more of these keels. Keels of the collum sometimes have a similar small tooth. Dorsum mod¬ erately arched, with low-placed keels on all segments except the last. Keels of collum obtuse, lightly rounded; keels of segments 2 through 4 directed slightly cephalad, the caudal margins convex; keels of segments 5 through 16 rectangular, the caudal margins almost straight; keels of segments 17 through 19 increasingly re¬ duced at the cephalic angles and produced at the caudal angle, with the eighteenth slightly acute and the nineteenth more acute and about half as large as the eighteenth. Prozonites of middle body segments much exposed. Caudal spine narrow, truncated. Legs from middle of body back with short, stout spine on the second article. Tubaphe Causey, new genus Telopodite of gonopods two-pronged, with both prongs simple as in Hybaphe Cook, 1904 and Isaphe Cook, 1904. Distinguished from both genera by the absence of keels on segments 6, 8, 11, and 14 and by the presence of only rudimentary keels on the poriferous segments. Coxae and prefemurs of legs spined, while in Hybaphe only the prefemurs are spined; leg spination unknown in Isaphe. Genotype. Tubaphe levi-i Causey, new species. july, 1954 ] CAUSEY-MILUIPEDS 223 Tubaphe Ievii Causey, new species (Figures 2-4) Male holotype. Colors faded, but the keels and perhaps the legs are red and the dorsum is brown. With the middle and posterior keels either absent or greatly reduced, the appearance is almost juloid. Keels of segments 1 through 4 are moderately large, obliquely depressed, with the angles rounded and the lateral margins welted. Beginning abruptly with the fifth segment and continuing on all of the poriferous segments, the keels are scarcely more than longitidunal welts through which the pores open laterad; there is but a slight trace of a welt on the nonporiferous segments (Fig. 2). Keels of segments 14 through 18 are slightly larger and produced caudad; on segment 19, of which very little is exposed, the keels are much reduced; apex of caudal spine narrow, truncated (Fig 3). Intrasegmental sutures distinct and lightly corrugated; tergites smooth otherwise. Prozonites of middle body segments much exposed. Sternites smooth and glabrous. Coxae of last legs well separated. Prefemurs of legs from middle of body back with stout, sharp spines and coxae with stout, blunt spines. Telepodites of gonopods subparallel and contiguous at the femoral region, with the apices of the tibio-tarsi reaching in front of the sixth coxae. In lateral view each of the two prongs appears to form a semicircle; the curva¬ ture as seen in medio-cephalic view is shown in Figure 4; the curvature is altered by drying. Coxal region elongated, with the usual medial coxal hook; femoral region elongated and separated from the tibio-tarsus by an oblique suture. The long, attenuated femoral process arises from the medial surface and curves dorso-cephalad. Width 4 mm. Female paratype. Somatic characters agree with those of the male except that the width is 5 mm. and the length is 33 mm. Holotype , male: Graves Creek Camp Ground, Olympic Na¬ tional Forest, Jefferson County, Washington; rain forest. The Levis collected 1 male and 2 females July 12, 1951. FAMILY NEARCTODESMIDAE Nearctodesmus Olympus Causey Nearctodesmus olympus Causey, (in press). Ann Ent. Soc. America. Several adults and larvae of stadium VII were collected by the Levis at Cape Perpetua, Lincoln County, Oregon, July 8, 1951. The apex of the lateral prefemoral branch of the gonopod bears three minute prongs instead of the four in the holotype from Callam County, Washington. FAMILY POLYDESMIDAE Scytonotus AMANDUS (Chamberlin) Folydesmus amandus Chamberlin, 1910. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 3(4) : 249-250; pi. 38, fig. 6; pi. 39, fig. 1. Several adults and larvae of stadium VI were collected by the Levis from the Gros Verte area, Moose, Teton County, Wyoming, July 26, 1950. 224 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 Brachydesmus (Brachydesmus) yosemitensis Causey, new species (Figure 5) Distinguished from B. hastingus Chamberlin, 1941, the most closely related North American species, by the larger size and details of the gonopods. Gonopods especially distinctive in the irregularly serrated margin of the femoral lobe and the hooked lobe near the hair pad. Male holotype. Color red-brown. Caudal margin of metatergites straight or slightly curved, with the caudal row of setae prejecting beyond the margin, keels finely dentate laterad, sometimes obscurely so, with five uneven serra¬ tions on the poriferous segments and four on the nonporiferous. Pores open laterad on longitudinal tubercles. Metazonites with three rows of low, setifer- ous, often indistinct tubercules, with 12 setae in each row. Transverse depressions between rows of tubercles are more distinct than the longitudinal depressions. Tubercles on keels tend to be indistinct. On most segments there are eight large tubercles in the anterior row, eight smaller ones in the middle row, and 12 litde ones in the marginal row. Tubercles on eighteenth seg¬ ment indistinct. Exposed parts of prozonites smooth; a raised transverse band separates the pro- and metazonites. Anal valves and venter with abundant short setae. Legs of segments 6, 7, and 10 unmodified, the other legs lost. Gonopods as shown in figure 5. Width 1.3 mm., estimated length 11 mm. Holotype male: Vernal Falls, Yosemite National Park, California. One male with the head, first five segments, and most of the legs lost was collected by Mr. Gorman February 2, 1952. ORDER SPIROBOLOIDEA Family Spirobolidae Californibolis pontis Chamberlin Californibolus pontis Chamberlin, 1949. Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 39(5) : 166, figs. 18,19. One male of 52 segments, width 5.2 mm., was collected by Mr. Gorman at Low Pass Creek, Shasta County, California, April 16, 1952. Californibolis uncigerus (Wood) Spirobolus uncigerus Wood, 1864. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, (1864) : 15; 1865, Trans. American Philos. Soc., 13:209—210, fig. 36. Tylobolus uncigerus (Wood). Cook, 1904. Harriman Alaska Exped. 8(1) :67. Californibolus uncigerus (Wood). Chamberlin, 1949. Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 39(5): 166. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Hybaphe tersa Cook. Figure 1, Right gonopod, cephalic view. Tubaphe levii Causey, new genus, new species. Figure 2. Segments 10 226 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 One male of 52 segments, width 6.4 mm., was collected by Mr. Gorman at Low Pass Creek, Shasta County, California, April 16, 1952. Axobolus ergus Chamberlin Axobolus ergus Chamberlin, 1949. Jour Washington Acad. Sci., 39(5) : 163, figs. 5-7. One male of 52 segments, width 6.3 mm., was collected by Mr. Gorman at Rich Bar, Plumas County, California, April 14, 1952. ORDER JULOIDEA Family Paraiulidae Oriulus medianus Chamberlin Oriului s' medianus Chamberlin, 1940. Bull. Univ. Utah, Biol. Ser., 5(7) :7-8, pi. 3, figs, 21, 22. Several collections of adult specimens were taken by the Levis in Teton County, Wyoming, and Fremont County, Idaho, in June, July, and August, 1950. Only larvae were taken in Custer State Park, South Dakota, June 25, 1950. Taiulus tiganus (Chamberlin) Paraiulus tiganus Chamberlin, 1910. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 3(4) :254—256, pi. 40, fig. 8; pi. 41, figs. 1—3. Taiulus tiganus (Chamberlin). Chamberlin, 1940. Bull. Univ. Utah, 30(11) :18. Several adult specimens were collected by the Levis at Pines Camp Ground, Mt. Nebo, Juab County, Utah, August 25, 1951. Taiulus sp. Numerous larvae were collected by the Levis from fern fronds in a rain forest at Cape Perpetua, Lincoln County, Oregon, July 8, 1951. Mr. Gorman collected larvae at Burney Falls, April 15, and mature females and larvae at Madison Creek, Shasta County, California, September 2, 1951. Family Blaniulidae Utoiulus UTUS (Chamberlin) Nemasoma uta Chamberlin, 1912. Ann Ent. Soc. America, 5(2) : 162-163. Utoiulus utus (Chamberlin). Chamberlin, 1943. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 56:145. Namasoma. uta (Chamberlin). Chamberlin, 1951. Nat. Hist. Miscellany,No. 87, p. 9, fig 21. Three collections, all males, were made by the Levis at Moran, Teton County, Wyoming, in July and August, 1950. Maximum length about 8 mm. Utoiulus leechi (Chamberlin) Nemasoma leechi Chamberlin, 1951. Nat. Hist. Miscellany, No. 87, p. 10, fig. 20. july, 1954 ] BELKIN-MOSQUITO PUPAE 227 Several specimens were collected by the Levis from under rocks on a dry hillside, altitude 7100 feet, at Sunwapta Pass, Vaspar National Park, Alberta, Canada, August 10, 1951. THE DORSAL HAIRLESS SETAL RING OF MOSQUITO PUPAE (Diptera: C.ulicidae) John N. Belkin University oj California, Los Angeles The “dorsal hairless setal ring”, as the name implies, resembles an alveolus of a bristle but lacks a projecting seta. In most mosquito pupae there is a pair of these structures on the dorsum of each of the abdominal segments III to V, usually in more or less close association with one of the regular bristles. In some forms the “setal ring” is lacking on segment III (Wyeomia) or segment V (subgenus Rachisoura of Tripteroides) and may be even com¬ pletely absent (Trichoprosopon, Sabethes). This “setal ring” has usually been interpreted as a reduced bristle, and some workers have been of the opinion that, on segment II it is represented by a fully developed hair and that on the segments beyond V it has been completely lost (Baisas, 1938; Edwards, 1941; Penn, 1949; Darsie, 1949, 1951). Such an opinion appears to be supported by the fact that in the pupae of many common mosquitoes there is one more pair of fully developed hairs on the dorsum of segment II than on the following segments. On the other hand, the above mentioned workers did not study the chaetotaxy of the venter of the abdomen and it has been shown by Knight and Chamberlain (1948) beyond any doubt that the extra hair of the dorsum of segment II is actually one of the ventral hairs (10) which has moved dorsad in these forms while in several groups it has re¬ tained its primitive ventrolateral opposition (e.g .Chagasia, Sabethes, Wyeomyia, Limatus, Topomyia, Harpagomyia, Tripteroides [ Rach¬ isoura], Culiseta, Ficalbia, Aedeomyia, Mansonia, Opifex, Deino- cerites). Accordingly Knight and Chamberlain assigned the designation 0 to the “dorsal hairless setal ring” and did not con- 228 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 sider that it was represented by a serial homologue on abdominal segments II and VI—VIII. Their inclusion of this structure in the terminology and its name presupposes that the “setal ring” has arisen as a modification of a regular bristle. In my review of the pupal chaetotaxy (Belkin, 1952), I disregarded this structure completely for it has apparently no homologue in the larva and does not seem to fit in at all in the general chaetotaxy pattern, but I failed to indicate my reasons for this action. Additional evidence is now at hand and indicates that the “setal ring” is probably a sense organ and has no homology at all with the regular bristles and should therefore be disregarded in the nomenclature of the chaetotaxy. Recently, in studying the pupae of the anophelines of Cali¬ fornia, I have encountered a race of A. occidentalis Dyar & Knab, 1906 in which this “dorsal hairless setal ring” occurs sporadically on abdominal segment II. Of ten specimens examined two showed this structure on both sides of the segment and two additional ones on the right side only. The setal rings are indistinguishable from those of the following segments, occur in the same position on the segment, and are located between hairs 4 and 5. This evidence is a further support for the interpretation that the “setal ring” is not represented by one of the fully developed hairs on abdominal segment II, for the hair interpreted as homologous with the setal ring (hair 4) by Baisas, Penn and Darsie is also fully developed on segment II along with tire “setal ring”. The question still remains as to the nature and origin of the “setal ring”. Two general explanations are possible: either it is developed from a regular bristle or it is a new structure bearing no relationship to the bristles. The first alternative will be examined first. There is no way in which the “setal ring” can be homologized directly with any regular hair without disrupting completely per¬ fectly evident homologies already established but this structure may have arisen either as a duplication of one of the hairs or it may represent one of the transitory larval hairs that are occasionally carried over to the pupa. I have noted earlier (Belkin, 1952:128) that both phenomena occur rather frequently in the pupae of some mosquitoes and that some of these anomalous hairs are represented by alveoli only. In all duplications observed by me the twin hairs always retain a very close relationship and generally exhibit a similar degree of development. If the “setal ring” has arisen as july, 1954 ] BELKIN-MOSQUITO PUPAE 99Q a result of the duplication of one of the dorsal hairs, I believe that it is very likely that it Avould have remained in close associa¬ tion with this hair on all segments and in all mosquitoes. Such is not the case, for it may be variously associated with hairs 3, 4 or 5 or any combination of these, although it may seem at first glance to be most frequently associated with hair 5. It appears rather that the “setal ring” has a characteristic position on each segment and in each group, and that its apparent association with a particular hair is due secondarily to the presence of that hair in the same general area. The transitory larval hairs which are occasionally retained in the pupa are all ventral in position, but there is a possibility that one of them may have migrated to the dorsal sur¬ face as has been the case with hair 10 on abdominal segment II of some forms. That the ‘‘setal ring” could not have arisen through the retention of one of these transitory hairs is demonstrated in the pupae of A. occidentalis, A. punctipennis (Say), 1823 and A. freeborni Aitken, 1939 in which both pairs of transitory hairs may be occasionally present on the venter while the “setal ring” is present simultaneously on the dorsum (Belkin, 1953). Finally, if the “setal ring” has arisen as a result of either a duplication or a retention of a transitory hair one would expect occasional anomalies of this structure which would be in the form of a reduced bristle. To date no such anomalies have been seen in the examina¬ tion of over a thousand “setal rings”. Thus it is probable that the “dorsal hairless setal ring” is new and peculiar to the pupal stage and bears no homology to any element of the chaetotaxy. On the chance that it did arise from one of the bristles, we should watch for anomalies. At present nothing is known of the function of the “dorsal hairless setal ring”. Its structure suggests a sense organ, possibly one associated with the orientation and the movements of the pupa, since it occurs on the segments exhibiting the greatest curvature in the abdomen. In this connection it is interesting to note that, in those sabethines (restricted to small containers of water) which possess very sluggish pupae, it may be completely absent (Tricho- prosopon, Sabethes) or lacking on III (Wyeomyia) or V (sub- genus Rachisoura of Tripleroides) . It would be of considerable interest to determine experimentally the function of this structure. Since the “setal ring” apparently does not represent a reduced hair and since it appears to be a sense organ, I suggest that the 230 THE TAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 3 cumbersome and ambiguous term “dorsal hairless setal ring” be dropped in favor of the simpler “dorsal sensillum” and that it should not be included in the nomenclature of the pupal chaetotaxy. As pointed out above, its occurrence and distribution may be of value in separating mosquito groups and therefore it should be studied and recorded as in the past. Addendum In June, 1954, William A. McDonald of our Department noted in the fourth instar larva of Culex tarsalis Coquillett, 1896 a minute sensillum on abdominal segments III—V between and slightly cephalad of hairs 3 or 4. I have examined representative species in several genera and have found a similar sensillum in approxi¬ mately the same or in a more cephalic, caudal or lateral position. Since there is a close correspondence between this larval sensillum and the pupal dorsal sensillum in regard to occurrence on spe¬ cific segments and relation to hair 4, I consider these sensilla homologous. References Baisas, F. E. 1938. Notes on Philippine mosquitoes VII. Philip. Bur. Health, Month. B. 18:175-232. Belkin, J. N. 1952. The homology of the chaetotaxy of immature mosquitoes and a revised nomenclature for the chaetotaxy of the pupa. (Diptera, Culicidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 54:115-130. 1953. Corrected interpretations of some elements of the chaetotaxy of the mosquito larva and pupa. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 55:318-324. Darsie, R. F. 1949. Pupae of the anopheline mosquitoes of the Northeastern United States (Diptera, Culicidae). Rev. de Ent. 20:509—530. 1951. Pupae of the culicine mosquitoes of the Northeastern United States (Diptera, Culicidae, Culicini). Cornell Univ., Mem. Agr. Exp. Sta., 304. 67 pp. Edwards, F. W. 1941. Taxonomy of culicine pupae. In Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian region. III. Culicine adults and pupae. London, British Museum (Nat. Hist.) p. 354-428. Knight, K. L. and R. W. Chamberlain 1948. A new nomenclature for the chaetotaxy of the mosquito pupa, based on a comparative study of the genera (Diptera: Culicidae). Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash., 15:1-10. Penn, G. H. 1949. The pupae of the mosquitoes of New Guinea. Pacific Sci. 3:3—85. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS Tops in Versatile Insect Control! Yes, versatility is one of the chief assets of dieldrin. The use range of this insecticide grows more and more im¬ pressive each month. Acceptances have been obtained for control of insects in the following orders: Coleoptera Boll weevil White grubs Tuber flea beetle larvae Japanese beetle grubs European chafer grubs Green June beetle larvae Alfalfa weevil—adult Plum Curculio Lepidoptera Fall arrayworm Cutworm—certain species Pale western cutworm Orthoptera Grasshoppers Thysanoptera Thrips on cotton Gladiolus thrips Onion thrips Diptera Onion maggot Housefly adults Mosquito adults and larvae Salt-marsh sandfly larvae Homoptera Cotton fleahopper Hymenoptera Imported fire ant Red harvester ant Hemiptera Tarnished plant bug Southern green stink bug Rapid plant bug Lawn chinch bugs Say’s plant bug Brown cotton bug Lygus bugs Stink bugs Siphonaptera Fleas Isoptera Termites (Experimental Use Only) Dermaptera Earwigs SHELL CHEMICAL CORPORATION AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS DIVISION P. 0. Box 1617, Denver 1, Colorado Atlanta • Houston • New York • San Francisco St. Louis • Jackson, Miss. MANUFACTURERS AND PROCESSORS OF • Sulphur • Insecticides • Fertilizers • Seeds Ill two great insecticides . . . CHLORDANI E ' !| CONTROLS THESE INSECTS Ants, Armyworms, Blister Beetles, Boxelder Bugs, Brown Dog Ticks, Cabbage Maggots, Cattle Lice, Chiggers, Chinch Bugs, Cockroaches, Cotton Boll Weevils, Crickets, Cutworms, Earwigs, Fleas, Flies, Grasshoppers, Household Spiders, Japanese Beetle Larvae, Lawn Moths, Lygus Bugs, Mole Crickets, Mormon Crickets, Mosquitoes, Onion Maggots, Onion Thrips, Plum Curculio, Sarcoptic Mange, Seed Corn Maggots, Serpentine Leaf Miners, Sheep Ked, Silverfish, Sod Webworms, Southern Corn Rootworms, Strawberry Crown Borers, Strawberry Weevils, Sweet Clover Weevils, Tarnished Plant Bugs, Termites, Ticks, White Grubs, Wireworms . . . and many others L_ HEPTACHLOR CONTROLS THESE INSECTS Alfalfa Weevils, Ants, Argentine Ants,Cotton Boll Weevils, Cabbage Maggots, Chinch Bugs, Corn Borers (European), Corn Rootworms, Cotton Thrips, Cowpea Curculio, Crickets, Cucumber Beetles, Cutworms, European Chafer, Eye Gnats, Fleas, Flea Beetles, Garden Webwotms, Grasshoppers, Japanese Beetles, Leaf Miners, Lygus Bugs, Mormon Crickets, Mosquitoes, Narcissus Bulb Flies, Onion Maggots, Onion Thrips, Plum Curculio, Rapid Plant Bugs, Screwworms, Seed Corn Maggots, Serpentine Leaf Miners, Spittle Bugs, Sugar- Beet Root Maggots, Sweet Clover Weevils, Tarnished Plant Bugs, Tobacco Flea Beetles, Tomato Fruitworms, Tuber Flea Beetles, Turnip Maggots, Western Harvester Ants, White Grubs (June Beetles), Wireworms. . . and many others. WRITE FOR FULL PARTICULARS V ELSICOL CORPORATION Division of Arvey Corporation General Offices and Laboratories Export Division 330 East Grand Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois 100 East 42nd Street, New York 17, New York REPRESENTATIVES I N PRINCIPAL CITIES IV For complete, accurate, up-to-date information on PARATHION and MALATHION (also known as malathon) direct your inquiries to the developer of these important broad-spectrum insecticides... AMERICAN Gmmunicl °f '/[jopf'os i COMPANY Manufacturer of Parathion Technical and MALATHION Technical AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS DIVISION 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N.Y. V that guards crops and livestocl Du Pont fuels the "JET" O ne device that symbolizes today’s practical scien¬ tific farms is the sprayer, spouting chemicals frobn one "jet” or from twenty. High pressure or low, 3-gallon or 1000-gallon, it is a sign of modern times in agriculture. Why is this true? Because today specialized farm chemicals used in sprays are important to every kind of farming. Chemical sprays are used to: INSFCTICIDES: epn 300, MAR¬ GATE* methoxychlor, DEE- NATE* DDT. LEXONE* benzene hexachloride, KRENJTE* dinitro spray, Du Pont Cotton Dusts, Du Pont Dairy Cattle Spray and Dairy Bam Insecticide, Du Pont Livestock Spray & Dip No. 30. Kill flies and mosquitoes on livestock, in barns and other farm buildings. Control the insects and diseases that attack fruit and vegetables , cotton and corn , hay and pasture. Kill the weeds in fields and fencerows and the brush in rangeland, pasture and woodland. Many new spray chemicals as well as other products for the farm have been developed through Du Pont re¬ search. They have been tested and proven through the work of Du Pont scientists and technicians with the cooperation of schools and experiment stations and prac¬ tical farmers. You can look to Du Pont for chemicals to guard your crops and make your farm more productive. On all chemlcali alwayi follow direcliont for application, Where warning or cau¬ tion tlatemenlt on uie of the product are given, read them carefully. sts. u. s. paio ff FUNGICIDES: manzate.i par- ZATE* (nabam and zineb), FER- MATE* (ferbam), ZERLATE* (zi- ram), Copper-A (fixed copper), SULFORON* and SULFORON*- X wettable sulfurs. WEED AND BRUSH KILLERS: CMU, AMMATE,* 2,4-D, TCA and 2, 4,5-T. FEED SUPPLEMENTS: delster- OL* Vitamin D3 (''Deactivated animal sterol). Methionine amino acid. SEED DISINFECTANTS: ARASAN* for corn, grass, legumes, peanuts, vegetables, sorghum, rice; CERE- SAN* for cotton and small grains. U. S. PAT. OFFICS fTPADC MARK BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING...THROUGH CHEMISTRY VI Glance behind the agricultural research scene at Rohm & Haas and you would say: "The future is going to be rough on farm pests.” And you would be right! Development of agricultural chemicals is hitting a faster pace than ever at the company’s laboratories and experimental farms. Hornworms and the red-banded leaf roller are kept under control by Rhothane; plant diseases are checked by Dithane. Many pests on the farm must still be licked. But for every one, intensive research will ultimately spell control. ROHM £ HAAS COMPANY WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA 5, PA. Representatiivs in principal foreign countries DITHANE Fungicides DDT Insecticides LETHANE—fast knockdown agent in household and livestock sprays. RHOTHANE (DDD or TDE) Insecticides TRITON emulsifiers are offered in a wide selection for the emulsification of many organic pesticides used today. WEED KILLERS 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T herbicides 2,4-D acid Butyl and Isopropyl ester concentrates Capryl ester low volatile formulations Amine salt of 2,4-D Ester formulations Brush killer formulations containing capryl esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Dithane, Lethane, Rhothane and Triton are trademarks, Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. and in prin¬ cipal foreign countries. L" STANDS FOR LIQUID A SPREADER and DEPOSIT BUILDER that really WETS and still DEPOSITS MULTI-FILM "L" ADDS A PLUS VALUE TO NEW ORGANIC PESTICIDES Colloidal Products Corporation SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 2598 TAYLOR STREET Manufacturers of Spreaders - Deposit Builders for Agricultural Sprays ALKRON® parathion formulations ARATRONf new miticide containing aramite BROMOFUME® EDB soil fumigants ESTONMITE® miticide-ovicide ESTONATE® 50% DDT liquids and powders ESTONOXf toxophene formulations MALAPHOSf malathon formulations METHYL BROMIDE space fumigant TETRON® TEPP formulations ALDRIN & DIELDRIN liquid and dry formulations TUMBLE-WEEDf non-selective herbicides f Trade Mark A.P.&C.C. SALES REPRESENTATIVES IN ALL MAJOR AGRICULTURAL AREAS American Potash & Chemical Corporation ESTON CHEMICALS DIVISION 3100 EAST 26TH STREET, LOS ANGELES 23, CALIFORNIA CHEMICALS SINCE FOR YEAR-ROUND FRUIT and VEGETABLE PROTECTION 1P1 Insecticides Sulphurs Fungicides Parasiticides Stauffer Knapsack Duster A TIME-HONORED NAME IN CHEMICALS BLACK LEAF PRODUCTS DIVISION of the VIRGINIA-CAROLINA CHEMICAL CORP. formerly TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS AND CHEMICAL CORP. (The World's Largest Manufacturers of Nicotine Products) BLACK LEAF 40 The Standard for Generations for Control of Many Insects It Is Easy on Friendly and Beneficial Insects Other BLACK LEAF Products Include A Full Line of Agricultural Chemicals and Concentrates ★ SAN JOSE OFFICE: 1214 Bayshore Highway (California) 9n Jjtdt {jJ&ik UJhsM OhdinaMj (pWvcdhwtv Wmj £s tph&Aswiinq (pAobl&mA, (Donl OvsAiooL SAFER . . . Continuing laboratory and field tests prove ORTHOPHOS 4 Spray has reduced toxocity in respect to skin penetration of Parathion. MORE CONCENTRATED . . Although this is a safer Parathion, it has twice the concentration of most formulations— contains 4 lbs. of Parathion per gallon. MORE EFFECTIVE .. . Improved wetting qualities give better coverage of plants and insects. This is important cost-wise, since less material may be required to get results. VAPOT0NE-XX Spray and VAPOTONE Dusts ... ORTHO's special TEPP formulations. Leave no poisonous resi¬ dues, so are accepted as the ideal pre-harvest control for fruit and field crops. TM's Ortho, Orthophos, Vapotone, Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. CALIFORNIA SPRAY-CHEMICAL Corp. RICHMONDCALIFORNIA Medina, New York • Linden, New Jersey Goldsboro, North Carolina • Fennville, Michigan • Orlando, Florida • Shreveport, Louisiana • Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Maryland Heights, Missouri • Caldwell, Idaho • Portland, Oregon • Sacramento, California * San Jose, California • Fresno, California • Whittier, California • Phoenix, Arizona. Niagara’s planned protection pro¬ gram assures Western growers of top profits from every crop for two reasons. First is the skill and experience of research chemists, entomologists and trained labora¬ tory workers, expressed in the su¬ perior control powers of Niagara materials. Second is the expert knowledge of local growing con¬ ditions and infestations, supplied by Niagara Field Representatives. This combination, checked and proven by years of actual use, gives doubled-barreled results in reduced damage from insects and disease, plus higher profits from more top quality fruit, produce, and livestock. Niagara offers Western growers additional help through a series of Field Service Bulletins which con¬ tain local insect and disease con¬ trol recommendations for every crop in every agricultural region. If you wish copies for your own information, without obligation, write Niagara Chemical Division, Richmond, Calif., Dept. 151 INSECTICIDES • FUNGICIDES • HERBICIDES • LIVESTOCK SPRAYS « OIPS Niagara CHEMICAL DIVISION FOOD MACHINERYAND CHEMICAL CORPORATION RICHMOND. CALIFORNIA • HOME OFFICE - MIDDLEPORT. NEW YORK Vol. XXX OCTOBER, 1954 No. 4 CONTENTS BEAL—Classification of the dermestid genus Dearthrus with description of a new species.231 WILLIAMS—The wasps of the genus Pisonopsis.—235 JAMES—The Diptera collected on the Cockerell and Hubbell expedi¬ tions to Honduras. Part III: Tylidae, with a new species from Mexico 247 LEE—First report of Trichocorixa calva (Say) from Mexico.250 BERGAMIN—Utilization of hydroponics in ecological studies of the cotton aphid .. 251 BREAKEY-—Pit-making pittosporum scale in western Washington.257 KROMBEIN— A new Perisierola from California.259 CHAO—Insects in grain elevators at Pullman and Albion, Washington....260 LINSLEY, MACSWALN, and SMITH—A note on the nesting habits of Exomalopsis solani Cockerell.263 BOOK NOTICES.234, 246, 262 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1954 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor R. L. Usinger E. S. Ross H. B. Leech R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed¬ ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution. Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4, Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address, requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed to the treasurer. Dr. R. C. Hiller, at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 18, Calif. Domestic and foreign subscriptions, 14.00 per year in advance. Price for single copies, 11.00. Make eheeks payable to “Pan-Pacific Entomologist." Announcing . • . REVISION OF THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY TETRANYCHIDAE by A . Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker This world-wide treatment (300 pp., 330 figures) of the “Red Spiders” is the second volume in the Memoirs Series of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. Each species is beautifully illustrated in the inimitable style of E. W. Baker. The work deals with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders”. Synoptic keys have been prepared, descriptions are presented for all species including the major agricultural pests, and some twen¬ ty species are described as new. Publication date—December, 1954. Special Prepublication Price: $9.00. Send orders to: Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park 18, San Francisco. Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the post office at San Francisco, under act of August 24, 1912. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Volume XXX October, 1954 No. 4 CLASSIFICATION OF THE DERMESTID GENUS DEARTHRUS WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW WESTERN SPECIES (Coleoptera) R. S. Beal, Jr. Denver, Colorado Specimens of Dearthrus are not at all common in collections, and almost nothing is known of their biology. However, a few of them have been brought to my attention, and a study of these has shed some light on their previously obscure relationships. Al¬ though the immature stages are still unknown, the adults seem to exhibit characters which definitely warrant placing the genus in a subfamily different than that to which it is commonly assigned. The genus seems unquestionably to belong to the subfamily Megatominae rather than to the Attageninae. It has been considered in the Attageninae because of the place assigned to it in Casey’s 1 key, where it is grouped with genera having the first metatarsal segment decidely shorter than the second. This is not true of Dearthrus , the first segment being subequal to the second. Further, in the shape of the metacoxal lamina it is unlike any representative of the Attageninae which I have seen. In Attagenus and in Novelsis the metacoxal plate bears a distinct tooth or is distincly broadened laterad to the insertion of the femur. In Dearthrus, as in Megatoma , Trogoderma, Globicornis, and so on, the metacoxal lamina is gradually narrowed laterally. Finally, the general facies are quite like those of the Megatom inane, particularly of certain sections of Globicornis . Casey’s use of the lateral extension of the metacoxal plates as a tribal character is apparently of little value. In Dearth¬ rus the metacoxa reaches the inner posterior angle of the mete- pimeron. However, this is true of some sections of the Attageninae as well as of the Megatominae. Likewise the number of segments in the antenna is of little significance above a subgeneric level, since this character shows considerable variation throughout the family. Whether the genus should be synonymized with Pseudomesalia Ganglbauer is a question which will have to await a closer study of 1 T. L. Casey, 1900. Review of the American Corylophidae, Cryptophagidae, Tritomidae, and T>ermestidae a p4 other studies. Jour. N, Y. Ent. Soc., S :144. 232 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 the latter. Kalik 2 has recently described a species belonging to this group, Globicornis (Pseudomesalia) kulti, including figures of the adult and of the antenna of a specimen which he questionably con¬ siders to be a female. The pubescence and configuration of the adult are quite similar to our species of Dearthrus. The antenna is nine-segmented and bears a large terminal segment which is much larger than the seventh and eighth segments. The shape of the antenna of Dearthrus, and suggests the possibility that these the Megatominae. If the antenna figured by Kalik is indeed that of a female, then Pseudomesalia and Dearthrus are most likely dis¬ tinct. However, its configuration does closely resemble the male antenna of Dearthrus , and suggests the possibility that these groups are identical. Dearthrus longulus LeConte of the eastern United States is the only species of the genus known at present. A second species oc- curing in the inland mountains of California and Oregon should also be recognized. I am happy to be able to name this species for an able student of systematic zoology, Dr. Robert C. Stebbins of the University of California at Berkeley. Dearthrus stebbinsi Beal, new species Adult mule .—Body long and narrow with sides subparallel; elytra slightly expanded behind middle. Color of head and pronotum black; elytra dark brown; undersurfaces dark brown with legs somewhat lighter. Pubes¬ cence of dorsal surfaces dark brown, short, moderately fine, subrecumbent; pubescence of ventral surfaces dark golden brown, short, fine, appressed. Punctation of head and pronotum shallow, umbilicate, with punctures three to four times as large as facets of eye, confluent on head and sides of pro¬ notum, contiguous on disc of pronotum; punctation of elytra craterform with punctures one to two times as large as facets of eye and separated by one to two diameters of one puncture. Antennae in repose extending nearly to base of prothorax; configuration as illustrated (except that ultimate segment of holotype two and one-half times as long as wide) ; ultimate segment of antenna densely clothed with very fine erect hairs about two thirds as long as width of third segment of antenna. Prosternal process long, narrow, with sides parallel to apex. Mesosternal sulcus very shallow, becoming evanescent posteriorly; mesosternum emarginate posteriorly between mesocoxae. Length (of pronotum and elytra) : 2.7 mm. Width (at humeri) : 1.1 mm. Adult female .—Configuration of antenna as illustrated; antennal club more sparsely covered with fine hairs of irregular but generally longer length than those of male. 2 Vladimir Kalik, 1949. New Dermestidae of the Palearctic fauna. Acta Ent. Mus. Nat. Pragae, 26(362) :l-4. October, 1954] BEAL—DEARTHRUS 233 Range of observed variations. —Color of elytra and undersur¬ faces varying from dark brown to black. Ultimate segment of male antenna varying from twice as long as wide to three times as long as wide. Length (of pronotum and elytra) varying from 3.0 mm. to 2.4 mm. Ratio of length to width varying from 1:0.41 to 1:0.47. Female Fig. 1, Antennae of Dearthrus stebbinsi. Hoiotype male and allotype female (deposited in California Academy of Sciences) : Mariposa County, California, June 3, 1914 (F. W. Nunenmacher). Paratypes as follows: California: Yosemite Valley, one male, June 5, 1930, and two females, June 9, 1930 (F. E. Blaisdell) ; Yosemite Park, one male, 1922 (Chas. Veatch) ; Sierra Meadow, Giant Forest, one male, July 1, 1928 (E. A. McGregor) ; Tahoe, one female, July 7, 1915 (R. Hopping) ; Bass Lake, one female, June 3, 1942 (A. J. Walz) ; Plummer Springs, Trinity County, one female, June 23, 1919 (R. Hopping ) ; Fowlers Camp, Siskiyou County, two females, July 2, 1946 (A. T. McClay) ; Bridge Camp, Shasta County, one male and two females, June 2, 1946 (A. T. McClay). Oregon: Eight miles northwest of Sisters, one female, July 8, 1939 (Schuh and Gray). The hoiotype of stebbinsi bears two indentations on the disc of the pronotum. Similar indentations have been used as a tax¬ onomic character in other dermestids. However, in this species the indentations occur in only a few of the specimens, and are probably not of genic origin. D. stebbinsi and D. longulus are easily separated on the basis of several characters. The punctures on the disc of the pronotum of longulus are small, each puncture being one and one half to two times as large in diameter as a facet of the eye, and individual puntures are separated by one or two diameters of one puncture. In stebbinsi the puntures are twice as large and are contiguous. The ultimate segment of the female antenna of longulus is ap¬ proximately three fourths times as long as wide. In stebbinsi the ultimate segment of the female antenna is at least one and one third times as long as wide. The ultimate segment of the male 234 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 antenna of longulus, according to Casey’s illustration, is but one and one third times as long as wide. The ultimate segment of the male antenna of stebbinsi is two to three times as long as wide. The mesosternal sulcus of longulus extends the entire length of the mesosternum and is quite distinct, while that of stebbinsi is shallow and obliterated posteriorly. Details of the biology of stebbinsi are unknown, except that one specimen was collected on Ceanothus at Bass Lake, California (A. J. Walz). For material used in this study I wish to express my thanks particularly to W. H. Anderson, P. D. Hurd, Jr., J. N. Knull, H. B. Leech, A. T. McClay, G. E. Wallace, and A. J. Walz. BOOK NOTICE FLEAS, FLUKES & CUCKOOS. By Miriam Rothschild and Theresa Clay. 304 pp., 99 black and white photographs (— pis. I—XL), 4 maps, 22 drawings. Collins, St. James Place, London; The Philosophical Library, Inc., 15 East 40th St., New York 16, N. Y. 1952. The cover title may puzzle some people, but the content will delight every naturalist and most other readers. The exquisite choice of words makes plain sentences stick in one’s memory. Statements of fact which might he elsewhere dry, remain accurate yet often become excruciatingly funny. Specu¬ lation is clearly noted as such. The book tells of the parasites of birds, which include fleas, feather lice, protozoa, worms, flies, mites and ticks, and “micro-parasites” (bacteria, viruses, fungi). Discussions of these in the above order, fill chapters 7—13, and comprise most of parts II and III. Part 1 is introductory, and treats of parasitism, commensalism, symbiosis, the effect of parasites on the host and of parasitism on the parasites, the origins of parasitism, and the evolution of parasites. The final chapters of part III deal with the fauna of birds’ nests, the clepto-parasitic skaus, and the parasitic European cuckoo. Throughout there are pointers to unanswered or unexplored problems, both in entomology and in ornithology. There is a general index and one of scientific and popular names. The photographs and line drawings are almost all excellent and have been discriminatingly chosen. The book deserves its rank of a Special Volume in the New Naturalist series.— Hugh B, Leech. October, 1954] WILLIAMS—PISONOPSIS 235 THE WASPS OF THE GENUS PISONOPSIS FOX (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Francis X. Williams Research Associate, Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences The material studied consists of 93 specimens. Seven of these are from the collection of the United States National Museum and from that of Dr. Karl V. Krombein; 3 are from Dr. G. E. Bohart’s collection; 37 from the California Insect Survey, Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California; 2 from Mr. P. H. Timberlake; 3 from the California Academy of Sciences; 1 from the American Museum of Natural History; 3 from P. W. Weber of Honolulu; and 37 are of my own collecting. Three species and two subspecies are represented, as follows: Pisonopsis clypeata Fox. Nevada and California. Pisonopsis clypeata occidentalis Williams, California. Pisonopsis birkmanni Rohwer. Texas and California. Pisonopsis triangularis Ashmead. Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho and Cali¬ fornia. Pisonopsis triangularis californicus Williams, California. The only other species of Pisonopsis that appear to he described are: Pisonopsis anomala Mantero, 1901, Bui. Soc.. Ent. Ital., 33:202—203. From Argentina (Patagonia 1. Pisonopsis argentinus Schrottky, 1909, An. Soc. Cien, Argentina, 68: 249. From Argentina (Catamarca). Thanks are due to the above institutions and entomologists for the loan of material, and particularly to Dr. Karl V. Krombein of the United States National Museum for comparing certain of the specimens. Genus Pisonopsis Fox Pisonopsis Fox, 1893, Psyche, 6:553. Genotype, Pisonopsis clypeata, from Nevada. Form stout; mandibles notched beneath, no malar space; eyes moderately emarginate within in female, rather weakly so in the male; interocular space at clypeus usually distinctly greater than at vertex; ocelli round; antennae placed immediately behind clypeus; prepectus present; marginal cell not appendiculate though terminating rather bluntly on costa, not or hardly extending beyond third submarginal cell: second submarginal cell rather short petiolate, usually receiving both recurrent veins; anal lobe of hind wings short, not at all reaching to opposite the apex of submedian cell; legs not strongly spinose; middle tarsi with one apical spur; tarsal claws entire, somewhat inflated basally beneath. Female with or without a margined 236 THE PAN-PAClFlC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXX, JNo. 4 pygidial area, and without a tarsal comb. Tergites somewhat constricted apically. This small American genus is somewhat related to Pisan, which however, does not have the mandibles notched beneath, while the eyes are deeply notched within, the marginal cell is long and lanceolate and the stigma is longer. There is a group of tropical American wasps somewhat inter¬ mediate between Pisonopsis and Pison , and of which I have taken two species representing oriental Ecuador, British Guiana and Brazil. Here the eyes are deeply emarginate and the marginal cell as long as in Pison, but the mandibles are strongly notched beneath as in Pisonopsis. Little seems to be known about the life history of Pisonopsis. Linsley et aV report (p. 274) finding four species of wasps of the family Larridae (two species of Solierella and two of Pison¬ opsis) appropriating the burrows of the Diadasia bee for their nests. These authors state: “One species in particular, Pisonopsis clypeata Fox, was very abundant, and females were commonly ob¬ served entering both old and new bee burrows. When the first 30 burrows constructed in the square yard area were dug out at the end of the active season, five were found to have larrid pro¬ visions in the entrance tube.” . . . “The Pisonopsis does not alter the original dimensions but accumulates small pebbles and wood fragments to separate its several young.” The nature of the prey of these Pisonopsis was not determined. Early in the summer of 1952 the writer reared seven individuals of Pisonopsis birkmanni from two lots of cocoons found in small dead stems of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) collected during the winter at Danville, Contra Costa County, California. The cells were separated chiefly by grains of soil, and the casks or cocoons much resemble those of Solierella save that those of Pisonopsis have a somewhat shining resinous appearance instead of being entirely granular, as in Solierella. The cask of Pisonopsis may be imperfectly enveloped in a loose mantle of soil grains. Remains of crab spiders (Thomisidae) were found in one of these nests. Later in the summer of 1952 I secured another nest from a 1 Linsley,, E. G., MacSwain, J. W., and Ray F. Smith, 1952, The Bionomics of Diadasia consociata Timberlake and some biological relationships of Emphorine and Anthophorine bees, U. C. Pub. Ent., 9(3) :267-290, plates 1-6. Fig. 1. Pisonopsis clypeata subspecies occidentalis. Male. Length 6.5 mm. From San Rafael, California. Fig 2. Same. Male. Aedeagus. Fig. 3. Same. Male. Antennal segments 3 and 4 and 4-6. Fig. 5. Same. Male. Last visible ventral segment. Fig. 6. Pisonopsis triangularis subspecies calif arnica. Male. Fig. 7. Pisonopsis clypeata. Female. Pygidium. Gold Lake, Mono County, California. Fig. 8. Pisonopsis clypeata subspecies occidentalis. Female. Pygid¬ ium. San Rafael, Marin County, California. Fig. 9. Pisonopsis triangularis subspecies californica. To show poorly defined pygidial area. Tassajara Hot Springs, Monterey County, California. 238 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 stem of a clump of oats, the stem was cut down to about four and one-half inches from the ground a few days previous. The upper cell was stoppered to the brim as well as separated from the second by considerable quantities of fine soil lumps. It contained 25 generally pallid thomisid spiders, the largest about 3 mm. long. On one of the innermost of these spiders a small wasp larva was feeding. A few days later both cells contained typical Pisonop- sis casks. Still later in the summer other such nests were found under the same conditions. During the summer of 1953, several individuals of Pisonopsis birkmanni were reared from cocoons found in dead stems of the white sage (Salvia apiana Jepson), collected at La Mesa, San Diego County, California. Key To The Species Of North American Pisonopsis 1 Antennae with 12 segments; abdomen with 6 tergites visible (females) . 2 . - Antennae with 13 segments; abdomen with 7 tergites visible (males) .6 2, Pygidium well defined, margined by a carina; sculpture coarser; abdo¬ men more or less red .....3 — Pygidium not or poorly defined, there being no bounding carina; sculpture finer; abdomen black or reddish ....4 3. Pygidium broader, forming an angle of about 58°—63° . clypeata Fox - Pygidium narrower, forming an angle of about 48°. ....... clypeata Fox, subspecies occidentalis Williams 4. Disc of propodeum with a shining, nearly smooth slightly bossed area on each side of the transversely striated depression, the striae and some strong punctures somewhat invading this bossed area; on sternites 3, 4, and to a less extent on 5, is a pair of slit-like grooves that are best developed laterally, the lamellae nearly joining to form an angle along the middle line (fig. 27) ; pygidium not at all defined; pronotal lobes pale margined ....... birkmanni Rohwer - Disc of propodeum of a duller and more rugulose appearance, transversely striated over the depressed triangular area, and more finely so across the slightly bossed area on either side, and with no distinct strong punctures invading (fig. 31) ; sternites 3 and 4 with the grooves becoming weak or disappearing towards the middle line where they tend to form a lobe (fig. 28; pygidial area indicated by a slight dorsal flattening and some¬ times by a slight latero-apical compression (fig. 9)... 5 5. Sternites 3 and 4 with the grooves extending mesad or nearly, as lines; abdomen often reddish. triangularis Ashmead Sternites 3 and 4 with the grooves short, only lateral. ... triangularis Ashmead, subspecies californica Williams 6. Form stouter, punctures coarser; scutum and scutellum polished, with large separate punctures; abdomen reddish ...7 October, 1954] williams—pisonopsiS 239 Fig. 10. Pisonopsis clypeata subspecies occidentalis. Male. Ocelli. Bryson. Monterey County, California. Fig. 11. Pisonopsis triangularis subspecies cali- fornica. Female. Monterey County, California. Figure 12. Pisonopsis clypeata. Female. Posterior coxa, to show carinal lobe. Mono County, California. Fig. 13. Pisonopsis triangularis subspecies calif arnica. Female. Posterior coxa, to show carinal lobe. Monterey County, California. Fig. 14. Pisonopsis birkrnanni. Male. Extremity of aedeagus. Menlo Park, California. Fig. 15: Pisonopsis clypeta , subspecies occidentalis. Male. Extremity of aedeagus. Fig. 16. Pisonopsis triangularis , subspecies californica. Female. Monterey County, California. Fig. 17. Pisonopsis triangularis subspe¬ cies californica. Male. Antennae, two views. Lassen County, California. 240 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 - Form less stout: clypeus always triangularly produced; puncturation finer; scutum and scutellum with punctures on what appears to he in certain lights, a very finely reticulate surface; abdomen black or reddish .._...„8 7. Clypeus triangularly produced or with a gradation slightly indicated (fig. 30) .....- clypeata Fox - Clypeus truncate, with a median tooth (figs. 22, 23) ... ... clypeata Fox, subspecies occidentalis Williams 8. Vertex, and dorsum of thorax with strong close punctures, the punctures behind the ocellar area often not or hardly their own diameter apart; disc of propodeum with the median striated area not much depressed, bordered laterad by a shining though more or less transversely striated area, with few strong punctures invading from the sides; no median carina; slit-like grooves on sternites 3 and 4 forming an angle mesad; pronotal lobes narrowly pale margined ... birkmanni Rohwer - Vertex and dorsum usually with somewhat finer puncturation, the punc¬ tures behind the ocellar area often much more than their diameter apart; disc of propodeum with the median area well depressed and with a carina, the whole glabrous area obliquely and transversely striate; slit-like grooves on sternites 3 and 4 either rudimentary or uniting mesad as a rounded lobe; pronotal lobes entirely black .9 9. The slit-like grooves on sternites 3 and 4 well developed; meeting or nearly meeting at the middle line to form a lobe; abdomen sometimes partly red ... triangularis Ashmead - The slit-like grooves poorly developed, short and far laterad, present on sternite 3, or 3 and 4 ............ . triangularis Ashmead, subspecies califomica Williams PlSONOPSIS CLYPEATA Fox (Figures 7, 12, 19, 30, 32) Fox, 1893, Psyche, 6:553-554. Male and female. Nevada (Morrison). Female: Length 9 mm. Stout, rather coarsely sculptured, shining. Black; abdomen rufous. Clypeus drawn out wedge-like. Strong distinct punctures on head and dorsulum; disc of propodeum with a somewhat triangular en¬ closure, obliquely striate on basal portion, transversely so on apical portion. Pygidial area triangular, well margined and with strong punctures. Pile silvery. Male: Length 7 mm. Much like the female, but segments 1-6 of the flagellum of the antennae produced beneath; the clypeus is produced wedge¬ like but with an indication of gradation (fig. 30). Pygidium densely though rather irregularly rugulosely punctuate; last visible ventral segment rather broadly excavate. Pile silvery. Through the kindness of Mr. J. A. G. Rehn, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I was able to study a male and a femal of the type series. I have also seen a single female from Gold Lake, Sierra County, California, collected August 2, 1921, by C. L. Fox (California Academy of Sciences). The pygidium October, 1954] WILLIAMS PISONOPSIS 241 Fig. 18. Pisonopsis triangularis subspecies californica. Female. Monterey County, California. Fig. 19. Pisonopsis clypeata. Female. Mono County, Cali¬ fornia. Fig. 20. Pisonopsis clypeata, subspecies occidentalis. Female. - San Rafael, California. Fig. 21. Pisonopsis birkmanni. Female. San Mateo, County, California. Fig. 22. Pisonopsis clypeata , subspecies occidentalis. Male. San Rafael, California. Fig. 23. Same. Male. Bryson, Monterey County, Califor¬ nia. Fig. 24. Pisonopsis triangularis, subspecies californica. Female. Clypeal outline. Mt. Lassen, California. Fig. 25. Same. Female. Mandible, outer side. Fig. 26. Pisonopsis clypeata , subspecies occidentalis. Female. Clypeus un¬ worn. Near Palm Springs, California. 242 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 and head are shown (figs 7 and 19. respectively) ; this specimen, however, has the pygidium narrower than in the type (fig. 32), and thus approaching that of its subspecies (fig. 8). Pisonopsis clypeata occidentalis Williams, new subspecies (Figures 1-5, 8, 10, 15, 20, 22, 23, 26, 29) Female, holotype: Length 7.75 mm. Black, moderately shining, strongly punctate and sculptured, the two basal joints of the antennae in part, and the apical half of the mandibles reddish brown, hind margin of pronotal lobes whitish, tegulae, axillary sclerites and base of wings more or less brownish, abdomen orange red, the somewhat apical margin of the segments testaceous. Clypeus produced subconic, the disc subconvex, not carinate, with coarse punctures before the smooth depressed apical portion; antennae rather slender, segments 3 and 4 subequal; frons very densely punctate-granu¬ late; vertex with strong close punctures; interocular space at vertex about .70 of its narrowest width at clypeus and about equalling antennal segments 2 plus 3 plus 4; ocelli forming nearly a right angle triangle; a depressed line from anterior ocellus to about abreast of the ocular emargination. Scu¬ tum, mesopleura and scutellum with strong separate punctures; postscutel- lum fine, very close ones; propodeum with an inbowed triangular depression with a median Carina and well-spaced oblique and transverse carinulae, the rounded ridges laterad transversely striate; laterad of these ridges granulate, the pleura with strong horizontal striae, the posterior face striato-granulate and with a median groove. Posterior coxae with a rounded ridge on inner side above near base. Second submarginal cell receiving both recurrent veins. Abdomen with strong separate punctures; pygidium with the lateral carinae sharp, the disc with fine close punctures and somewhat depressed and constricted beyond middle length. Vestiture rather sparse silvery pile. Male, allotype: Length 7 mm. In general resembling the female, but the apical half of the abdomen, except for the testaceous margin of the seg¬ ments, is blackish. The clypeus is sublrimcate, with a median tooth, its disc closely punctate; antennae with segments 3-6 nearly equal, segments 3 and 4 excavate beneath and somewhat inwardly at base and there polished and with fine erect pile; segments 4-9 beneath and somewhat outwardly, pro¬ duced so as to give that section a more or less spirally crenulate appearance. Interocular space at vertex relatively broad, about .80 of the space near the clypeus and slightly greater than antennal segments 2 plus 3 plus 4. Pygidial area flat, not margined, densely punctuate. Holotype female and allotype male (California Academy of Sciences): San Rafael, Marin County, California, July, 1922 (F. X. Williams), on ground among dry leaves at edge of thicket. Paratypes: 1 female and 10 males, San Rafael and nearby, July 16 and 22, 1922 (F. X. Williams) ; 1 male, Bryson, Monterey County, California, May 18, 1920 (E. P. Van Duzee) (Collection Cali¬ fornia Academy of Sciences) ; 1 female near Palm Springs, River¬ side County, June 8, 1930 (P. H. Timberlake), on Eriogonum October, 1954] WILLIAMS—PISONOPSIS 243 trichopodum; other specimens: 11 females and 22 males, Tracy, San Joaquin County, end of May, in June, and August 1, 1949 (J. W. MacSwain, R. F. Smith and P. D. Hurd) ; 1 male, Tanbark w. 30 Hr m Fig. 27, Pisonopsis birkmanni. Male, lo show grooves on sternites 3-5. Williamson County, Texas. Fig. 28. Pisonopsis triangularis. Male. To show grooves on sternites 3 and 4. Green River, Wyoming. Fig. 29. Pisonopsis clypeatu, subspecies occidentalis. Female, Clypeus, unworn but not the usual type. Tracy, California. Fig. 30. Pisonopsis clypeata. Male. Allotype. Clypeus. Nevada. Fig. 31. Pisonopsis triangularis, subspecies calif arnica. Female type. Disc of propodeum. Summit Lake, Mt. Lassen, California. Fig. 32. Pisonopsis clypeata. Paratype female. Pygidium, Nevada. 244 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 Flat, San Gabriel Mountains, California, June 25, 1950 (F. X. Williams). This subspecies differs from typical P. clypeata Fox by ihe narrower pygidium of the female, and by the distinctly truncate and toothed clypeus (with slight variations) in the male. The female paratype and all the males have the apex of the abdomen blackish. Pisonopsis birkmanni Rohwer (Figures 14, 21, 27) Rohwer, 1909, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 35:129. Female. Lee County, Texas, (Birkmann). Descriptions based on California specimens: Female: Length 6 mm. Black; head and thorax subopaque, disc of propodeum with a shining area each side of the median sulcation; mandibles reddish on apical half, prono- tal lobes white to pale brownish apically. Clypeus with the convex basal part coarsely punctate, particularly at the origin of the smooth produced median portion which forms a wedge which is slightly shouldered not far far from the apex; antennae short, segment 4 slightly longer than 3; front and vertex opaque, finely reticulate and granulate-punctate; ocelli forming a right angle triangle; interocular space at vertex little if any narrower than at clypeus. Dorsulum appearing reticulate and with rather fine strong punc¬ tures, sparser on scutellum. Disc of propodeum with an inbowed, somewhat trianguler depressed area, its median carina not strong, the fine oblique carinulae becoming transverse at apex of disc; a finely reticulate shining strip on either side on disc, with strong, well-separated punctures invading from the striato-punctate area of most of the pleura and posterior face; the posterior lace has on inverted, narrowly tear-shaped trench; posterior coxae with a rounded basal lobe. Abdomen with strong punctures, finer on apical segments, the apical margin of the sternites more or less testaceous; pygidium not margined, the area finely and closely punctate; sternites more finely punctate; pile silvery. Male: Length 5.25 mm. About like the female. Clypeal tooth acute; antennal segments 3 and 4 subventrally excavate at base, this area brown and shining, while dorsally there is some fine erect pile; antennal segment 5 somewhat longer than 4, segments 4-9 outwardly convex so as to give that section a somewhat crenulate effect. Disc of propodeum with the transverse carinulae more extensively invading the nearly smooth area on either side; median carina obsolescent. First recurrent vein received at tip of first sub¬ marginal cell. One female and 2 males, Menlo Park, San Mateo County, California, July 1937 (F. X. Williams) ; 1 male, Searsville Lake, San Mateto County, June 29, 1937 (F. X. Williams) ; 6 females and 3 males, Danville, and 1 female, Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County, California, June—August, 1949 (F. X. Williams) ; 2 males, Tanbark Flat, San Gabriel Mts., California, July 8, 1950 (F. X. Williams) ; 2 males and 2 females, La Mesa, San Diego County, Summer of 1953 (F. X. Williams) ; 1 male and 1 female, Davis, Yolo County, October, 1954] WILLIAMS—PISONOPSIS 245 California, August 24, 1939 (G. E. Bohart) ; 1 female, Box Canyon, River¬ side County, California, April 13, 1934, on C'hilopsidis linearis (Oroban- chaceae), (P. H. Timberlake): 2 females and 1 male, Riverside, September 21, 24, 26, 1948, "feeding at exudations of Opuntia plants” (P. W. Weber). Other specimens seen: From the United States National Museum and the Krombein collection, 1 female, Brazos County, Texas, July 25, 1937 (J. E. Gillaspy), “on corn,” (Dr. Krombein kindly compared this specimen with the type) ; 1 male, Williamson County, Texas, April 23, 1935 (J. E. Gillaspy) ; 1 female, La Crescenta, Los Angeles County, California (R. M. and G. E. Bohart), this last specimen not being typical. This species varies somewhat in sculpture and venation. Pisonopsis triancularis Ashmead Ashmead, 1899, Ent. News, 10:9. Female. “Hab. Colorado. Carl C. Baker Collection, No. 2061. Type, No. 5064, U.S.N.M.” The type is 6 mm. long, rather opaque, and closely punctate. The clypeus has a median triangular production, and the disc of the propodeum is transversely striate, and rugulose. The sinuate slit-like grooves on sternites 3 and 4 extend nearly or quite to the median line to form a rounded lobe. The male much resembles the female; the clypeus has a smooth acuminate point, while the antennal modifications resemble those of its subspecies, Pisonopsis triangularis californica (fig. 17) that follows. Figure 28 is from a male specimen from Green River, Wyoming (4747:American Museum of Natural History). Other specimens are: 1 male, Tracy, San Joaquin County, California, May 31, 1949 (J. W. MacSwain) ; 1 female and 6 males, Tanbark Flat, San Gabriel Mountains, Cali¬ fornia, 2700 ft., end of June to early July, 1950 (F. X. Williams). The California specimens have the abdomen largely reddish. Pisonopsis triangularis californica Williams, new species (Figures 6, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 24, 31) Female , holotype: length 6.75 mm. Black, moderately shining, Irons sub¬ opaque; puncturation fine and close; mandibles reddish, subapically; de¬ pressed apices of tergites in part testaceous; calcariae brownish to black. Clypeus with the anterior part of the convex disc with rather large, well¬ spaced punctures, the triangular projection smooth; frons finely and closely punctate; antennal segments 3 and 4 subequal; interocular space at vertex less than at clypeus; ocelli in less than a right-angle triangle. Dorsum finely and closely punctate; scutum with a shallow median groove. Disc of propo¬ deum shining, the depressed triangular area inbowed, the slope of the depres¬ sion gradual, the oblique carinulae well spaced, fanning at base and becoming transverse and more crowded towards the apex, these carinulae breaking up towards the pile, the pleura are striato-punctate and the posterior face rugu¬ lose and with a smooth subtriangular fovea. Second recurrent vein barely within the second submarginal cell. Abdomen with fine piliferous punctures; 246 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXX, No. 4 pygidial area feebly indicated by a dorsal flattening and slightly compressed apical sides; sternites 3 and 4 with the slit-like pockets lateral only, indicated by a fine curved linear groove. Male, allotype: Length 5.5 mm. Resembling the female in most points. The clypeus is more sharply pointed, and the rather stout antennae (some¬ what less modified than in Pisonopsis birkmanni) have segments 3 particularly, and 4 smooth and constricted for nearly the basal half, with segment 4 notched dorso-laterad, and segments 5 to 8 in a diminishing degree outwardly rounded beneath. Holotype female, allotype male, one female and 1 male para- type, Summit Lake, Lassen County, California, 6700 ft., July 21, 1937 (F. X. Williams). In good condition. Other paratypes: 1 female, Tassajara Hot Springs, Monterey County, California, May 18, 1920 (L. S. Slevin) (C.A.S.); 1 female, Mammoth Lake, Mono County, California, July 25, 1936 (R. M. & G. E. Bohart), these two specimens having the abdomen somewhat reddish. This rather weak and variable subspecies differs from Pisonop- sis triangularis chiefly in the less developed grooves on sternites 3 and 4, and sometimes in its more closely aligned carinulae in the somewhat less sharply depressed propodeal enclosure. I am indebted to Dr. Karl V. Krombein for comparing a female topotype of this subspecies with the type of Pisonopsis triangularis in the United States National Museum. BOOK NOTICE THE TAXONOMY, PHASES, AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA CHORTOICETES BRUNN. AND AUSTROICETES UV. (Orthoptera: Acrididae). By K. H. L. Key. 237 pp., 40 figs,, 45 tables. Offset. Division of Entomology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Re¬ search Organization, Australia. Canberra, May 1954. (Order from C. S. & I. R. Organization, 314 Albert St., East Melbourne, C.2.) The genera Chortoicetes and Austroicetes include the chief injurious Acrididae of southern Australia. This paper is a detailed taxonomic study of the adult grasshoppers, based on very large series, with the results of many years of field work to aid in interpreting the tremendous infraspecific varia¬ tion. Much of the resulting data are given statistical treatment. Three new species are described, and Latinized names proposed for 11 new forms (homologous-genetic variations). “ . . . subspecies are recognized only where the population of a significant geographical region is homogeneous for a particular character or character complex, which serves to differentiate every member of that population from the members of other populations similarly homogeneous for some other character or character complex. The question is discussed in greater detail in Sect!,on III 2 (d).”— Hugh B. Leech October, 1954] JAMES—TYL1DAE 247 THE DIPTERA COLLECTED ON THE COCKERELL AND HUBBELL EXPEDITIONS TO HONDURAS Part III: TYLIDAE, WITH A NEW SPECIES FROM MEXICO 1 Maurice T. James State College of Washington, Pullman The present paper lists the Tylidae (=Micropezidae) in the broad sense, including the Taeniapterinae and Neriinae, of the Cockerell and Hubbell Honduras collections. No Trepidariinae (=Calobatinae) were encountered. An extralimital species, from Mexico, is included for want of a better place to describe it. Taeniaptera lusciva (Fabricius), 1798, Entomologia System¬ atica, Suppl., p. 564 (Musca). Escuela Agricola, Zamorano: Nov. 20, 1946 (Pelen), 1 female; Nov. 24, 1946 (W. P. Cockerell), 1 female; Dec. 27, 1946 (T. D. A. & W. P. Cockerell), 1 male, 2 females; Oct., 1946 (Cisneros), 1 male; Aug. 19, 1948, reared sweet potato, #236 (Hubbell), 15 specimens; July 9, 1948, tall weeds, #45 (Hubbell), 1 male, 1 female; July 1, 1948, roadside, #10 (Hubbell), 1 female; July 19, 1948, weed thicket, #106 (Hubbell), 1 female; July 16, 1948 (Hubbell), 1 male. Rio Claura, April 13, 1923, #259 (Hubbell), 1 female. Tueniaptera lalitibia (Enderlein ) 1922, Arch, fur Naturgesch., 88 (A,5), p. 220 (Grallomyia) . Tela, Lancetilla, July 28, 1948 (Hubbell), 1 male. Tylos (Nerioceplialus) stigmaticus (van der Wulp), 1897, Biologia Centrali-Americana, 2, p. 366 (Micropeza) . Escuela Agri¬ cola, Zamorano: Nov. 25, 1946 (W. P. Cockerell), 1 male; on bean, July 19, 1948, #107 (Hubbell), 1 female; meadow, Yeguare River, July 2, 1948, #18 (Hubbell), 1 male; roadside, July 1, 1948, #10 (Hubbell), 1 male, 1 female; July 15, 1948, #77, (Hubbell), 1 male; on gardenia, July 4, 1948, #25 (Hubbell), 2 males. Tylos abbreviatus (Cresson), 1926, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 52, p. 262 (Micropeza) . Escuela Agricola, Zamorano: weed thicket July 19, 1948, #106 (Hubbell), 3 males, 2 females: roadside, July 1, 1948, #10, 1 male, 2 females; vegetables, July 1, 1948, #13 (Hubbell), 1 male, 3 females; campus, Aug. 16, 1948, #224 (Hub- 1 For Part I of this series, see Pan-Pac.. Ent., 2(5 (2) : 8(5 - 90, 1950 ; for Part II, see Jour. Washington Acacl. Sci., 4-3 (2) :4(5-57. 1953. 248 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 bell), 2 females; tall weeds, July 9, 1948, #45 (Hubbell), 2 males, 1 female; on gardenia, July 4, 1948, #25 (Hubbell), 1 female. Tylos tabernilla (Cresson), 1926, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.., 52, p. 263 (Micropeza ). Escuela Agricola, Zamorano: tall weeds, July 9, 1948, #15 (Hubbell), 1 female; weed thicket, July 19, 1948, #106 (Hubbell) 1 female. Tylos (Neriocephalus) sufflavus James, new species This species traces to paragraph 42 or 45 in Hennig’s (1936, p. 140) key (the first posterior cell being either closed in the costa or short-petiolate) but will not run satisfactorily beyond those points. The pleura are entirely yellow, at most discolored with yellowish brown but without clearly-marked patches of that color, and contrasting with the black mesonotum; all femora are yellow, at most with their apices slightly discolored; the claspers of the male are exceptionally large; and the ovipositor in the female is exceptionally broadened and angulate apically on the non-retractile portion, being as broad there as the greatest width of the abdominal terga. Male .—Head moderately elongated, about 0.75 as high as long, the eyes equal in length and height. Vertex and upper half of occiput, including orbits, shining black; front between eyes orange-yellow, between posterior margin of eyes and anterior ocellus reddish yellow, with an extension of this area passing to each side of the ocellar triangle, first broadly, then narrowing to a fine stripe that passes between the inner and outer verticals and termin¬ ates on the occiput; front from eyes to bases of antennae reddish brown. Face and lower part of occiput, except a small brownish area behind the lower posterior corner of the eye, yellow. Pile of head very inconspicuous; facial orbits silvery-tomentose. Inner vertical, outer vertical, and postvertical bristles strong, black. Antenna reddish yellow; setulae of first and second segments black; arista black, bare. Proboscis and palpi yellow. Mesonotum including scutellum, and metanotum, black, at most slightly reddish along the notopleural suture and on the postalar regions, subshining, dulled by a cinereous pollen which becomes more or less brownish laterally. Prothorax mostly yellow, pronotum and humeri reddish brown. Pleura yellow, at most with areas on the mesopleura and pteropleura reddish brown. Upper parts of pleura shining, the lower parts, especially of the sternopleura, whitish- pollinose. Two strong notopleurals, 1 sternopleural, and several bristles on the lower parts of the sternopleura before the middle coxae, black. Scutellars strong, black. Wing slightly brownish-hyaline; apical cell closed in the margin or short-petiolate; costal section between R 2+3 and R 4+5 less than half the length of Mi+ 2 (ratio about 30 to 65 or 70). Halteres yellow, knobs brownish. Coxae yellow with black setulae and bristles; femora and tibiae reddish yellow, without any trace of annuli but with the tibiae becoming brownish at the apices, the fore pair sometimes mostly brownish; tarsi October, 1954] JAMES—TYLIDAE 249 brownish, the terminal tarsomeres somewhat enlarged. Abdominal terga I to VI black with narrow lateral margins on all segments and broader, com¬ plete apical margins on II to VI, sometimes becoming obscure on IV and V; pollen as on the mesonotum. Epandrium dorsally and extremities of surstyli reddish yellow, the ventral areas, including the sternites and the copulatory elaspers, yellow. Claspers large, almost as long as the first three terga combined, ovate, broadest at three-fifths their length, from the lateral aspect angulate apically, from the ventral (anterior) aspect incised, V-shaped, to almost one-third distance from the apex: surstyli cruciate, the right overlying the left, each with a broadly acute apex. Length, 8— 1 9 mm. Female .—Similar to the male, except sexually. Apical tarsomeres not enlarged. Basal (non-retractile) part of ovipositor reddish-brown dorsally, narrowed at base to apical width of sixth tergum, then becoming broader to its apex and definitely angular at its outer corners; the retracile part yellow ish and narrowing strongly but gradually to the subcylindrical, blackish apical portion. Comparative measurements (30 = 1 mm.) : non-retractile part of ovipositor, base 23, apex 33, length 20—25; basal width of subcylindrical terminal part, 8; maximum width of abdomen (apex of tergum III), 33; apex Fig. 1. Tylos sufflavus, new species. Abdomen of male, lateral view, left side, from a paratype. RS, right surstylus; LS, left surstylus. Holotype male, Mt. Tanctturo, Michoacan, Mexico, 7800 ft., sweeping in mountain meadow (H. Hoogstraal), Fourth Hoog- straal Mexican Biological Expedition, 1941. Allotype, same data but on lupine, mountain meadow (Mt. Tancituro?). Paratypes, 4 males, 8 females, same data as holotype and allotype. Holotype and allotype in the Chicago Natural History Museum. I have seen a pair of specimens in the collection of the Chicago 250 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 Natural History Museum from Mt. Tancituro, in field, Fourth Hoogstraal Mexican Biological Collection, which may be T pec- toralis (Wiedemann) ( =T. occipitalis Van der Wulp, according to Hennig and Aczel). These specimens are smaller (6 mm.), the mesopleura and pteropleura are marked with definite reddish brown patches, the occiput is more broadly black in the middle, the basal part of the ovipositor is almost parallel-sided and black¬ ish dorsally, and the epandrium is marked with black dorsally. The male genitalia are essentially as in sufflavus. If my identifica¬ tion of pectoralis is correct, this species is very close to sufflavus. Both Wiedemann’s and Van der Wulp’s species were described from females only. Oncopsia flavifrons (Bigot), 1886, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) 6, p. 372 (Nerius). Tela: Lancetilla, July 28, 1948 (Hubbell), 2 females. Glyphidops filosus (Fabricius), 1805, Systema Antliatarum, p. 265. (Nerius'). Tela: Lancetilla, July 28, 1948 (Hubbell), 1 female. LITERATURE CITED Hennig, Willi 1935-6. Revision der Tylidae (Dipt., Acalypt.). II. Teil: Die ausser- amerikanischen Taeniapterinae, die Trepidariinae und Tylinae. Allgemeines iiber die Tylidae. Konowia, 14:68—92, 192—216, 289- 310, 1935: 15:129-144, 201-230, 1936. FIRST REPORT OF TRICHOCORIXA CALVA (SAY) FROM MEXICO (Hemiptera: Corixidae) A single, male corixid, kindly identified by Dr. R. I. Sailer as Trichocorixa calva (Say), was taken from a small, roadside pond three miles north of El Mayor, Baja California, Mexico, October 6, 1953, by R. D. Lee, R. E. Ryckman, and C. T. Ames. Sailer 1 noted previous collections from 27 states and the District of Colum¬ bia in the United States, but it is believed that this is the first record for the collection of T. calva in Mexico. The specimen is now in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.— Robert D. Lee, School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Loina Luida, California. 1 Sailer, R. I., 1948. The penus Trichocorixa (Coreidae, Hemiptera). Univ. Kansas Sei. Bull. 32 : 289-407. October, 1954] bergamin—hydroponics 251 UTILIZATION OF HYDROPONICS IN ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE COTTON APHID J. Bergamin Professor of Entomology, School of Agronomy, University of Sdo Paulo, Brazil. 1 The possibility of utilizing hydroponics in the investigations of sucking insects offers a great deal of promise. The present writer used this method in Brazil to excellent advantage during 1950 and 1951 in conducting a study of the coffee soft green scale, Coccus viridis (Green). The growing of host plants in nutrient solutions can be easily conducted in the laboratory, and has several ad¬ vantages over growing plants in pots. The principal one is that it is possible to remove the plants for short periods of time from the nutrient solution in order to examine insect activity under a binocular microscope. Isily (1946) in studying the influence of nitrogen and pot¬ assium on the behavior of the cotton aphid used nutrient solutions to irrigate plants growing in sand. The same method was used by Barker and Tauber (1951) in their study of the effect of nutritional changes on the development of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) and the pea aphid, Macrosiphum pisi (Kalt.). Hydroponics has been used by Metcalf and Carlson (1950), David (1951) and Metcalf and March (1952) in investigations involving systemic insecticides. In the present study, the cotton or melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover was selected because of its great economic importance in Brazil, the author’s homeland. Although a number of crops are seriously injured, it is most destructive to cotton. The latter may be heavily attacked during any stage of growth. Seedling stands are frequently completely destroyed, and older plants may be deformed, covered with honeydew and blackened with the growth of the sooty mold fungus. Experimental Methods The nutrient solution used was obtained from Hoagland and Arnon (1950) and its composition was as follows: 1 Investigation was conducted at the University of California, Berkeley, under a Fellowship granted by the Rockefeller Foundation. 252 the pan-pacific entomologist [Vol. xxx, No. 4 Ml used per liter to make Stock Solution nutrient solution 1 M. potassium acid phosphate, KHUPCh.1 1 M. potassium nitrate, KN0 3 .5 1 M. calcium nitrate, Ca(NO ; i)«.5 1 M. magnesium sulfate, MgSCh.2 To furnish the needed micro elements 1 ml of the following stock solution was added to the above nutrient solution. Grams dissolved in 1 liter Chemical Compound of stock solution boric acid, H ;i B0 3 .2.86 manganese chloride, MnCT.4H 3 0.1.81 zinc sulfate, ZnS0i7H-0.0.22 copper sulfate, CuS04.5H 3 0.0.08 molybdic. acid, HdVToOJTO (assaying 85% MoO a .0.02 Depending upon the size of plants desired, glass containers ranging in size from 2 ounces to V 2 gallon were used. In order to discourage the growth of algae, the outside of the containers was painted black, and then wrapped in paper or painted white or aluminum to reflect heat. The nutrient solutions were changed periodically because ac¬ cording to Hoagland and Arnon (1950) plants “absorb the nutrient salts, thus causing the acidity of the solution to change.” Although there are methods for correcting the acidity, the above authors stated that the situation can be taken care of by changing the solu¬ tions every week or two. Although plants grow best where the nutrient solution is con¬ tinuously aerated, it was found in the present experiments that satisfactory growth was obtained by aerating the cultures once a day with a syringe. However, one experiment was conducted in a greenhouse where continuous aeration was used. Many kinds of plants were used. These included cucumber, Crenshaw melon, honeydew melon, cantaloupe, pumpkin, squash, and cotton. Although all of them grew well, squash appeared to be the best suited for the present investigation. Seeds were germinated in sand or sawdust, and the same day they germinated they were transferred to the nutrient solution. The seedlings were passed through holes in the cork stoppers and held in place with cotton packing. The plants were ready for use October, 1954] bergamin—hydroponics 253 as soon as the cotyledons reached a size where they could be utilized. Cages for rearing were 10 mm. in height and from 15 to 20 mm. in diameter and were made of clear transparent plastic or glass tubing. They were covered with cheesecloth or with either 40 or 60 gauge nylon, which was cemented on with Duco cement. The cells were placed on the upper surface of the leaves with a thin Fig. 1, Diagram illustrating means of holding cage in place on leaf. board on the under surface and held in position with a rubber band as shown in figure 1. The transparent wall of the cage made it possible to observe aphid activity within the cell and after this was done the cage could be removed and the young or the exuvia could be brushed aside with a camel’s-hair brush, if such a pro¬ cedure was desirable or necessary. The investigation was conducted in a laboratory in which the 254 THE PAN-PAClFlC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 temperature ranged from 70 to 80° F. Some rearing was also done out of doors during the months of December, January, and Feb¬ ruary where the mean temperature for December was 49.8, for January 53.1, and February 53.2. A single experiment was con¬ ducted in a greenhouse where the temperature ranged from 75 to 80° F. Life History Studies Length of nymphal period: As soon as the nymphs are born they begin to feed and continue to do so until their development is complete. Twenty-five individuals were reared under laboratory conditions and it was found that the nymphal period ranged from 5 to 7 days with an average of 6.2 days. Ten individuals were reared out of doors under December conditions. Here the range was 15 to 24 days with an average of 17.3 days. Number of instars: The number of instars under laboratory conditions was studied in 25 wingless and 13 winged individuals. In all cases the wingless individuals moulted 4 times while those with wings moulted 5 times. The number of antennal segments found in the several instars of the wingless form was 4 for the first, 5 in the second and third, 6 in the fourth and 6 in the adult. With the winged form the same condition was encountered and there were 6 segments in the fifth instar and 6 in the adult. Under laboratory conditions moults occurred in from 36 to 40 hours re¬ gardless of the instar. Under December out-of-doors conditions the period between moults was 4 to 6 days. It is difficult to distinguish winged forms during the early in¬ stars. Wing pads do not make their appearance until after the third moult, so it is not until the 4th instar that winged and wingless in¬ dividuals can be easily separated from one another. Number of Progeny and Longevity of Adult Females: The number of progeny and the length of adult female life was deter¬ mined for out-of-doors conditions and in a greenhouse. In all cases the females were caged separately and the rate of reproduction observed. Each day the cultures were examined and the young removed. A summary of the results obtained is given in table 1. The length of life and the number of progeny produced was greater under greenhouse conditions than out-of-doors. This is not surprising because it is very possible that the winter temperatures prevailing out-of-doors during the months of December, January October, 1954] BERGAM1N-HYDROPONICS 255 and February were much below the optimum for this insect. The results would certainly indicate that this was the case. The reproductive potential of the females was greatest during the first 10 days. The average number of young produced per female per day under greenhouse conditions was 4.3 as compared to 2.5 over the entire life. Similar figures for out-of-doors were 2.8 and 2.3. An experiment was conducted out-of-doors to determine what the total production from a single female might be. In 31 days there were 249 progeny and in 42 days the population had increased to 1,356 individuals. It is believed that under more fav¬ orable temperature conditions a much larger population would be encountered. The reproduction was only by parthenogenesis and no males appeared during the observations. Production of Winged Forms: The natural factors that stimulate the production of winged forms are not fully known. It is believed by some that the production of winged aphids is a response to increased population density. It is a means that insures survival and dispersal of species. If only wingless individuals were produced indefinitely the population would finally reach a point where the plant would be killed, and the aphid population would die for want of food. Table 1. Length of adult life and the number of female progeny produced out-of-doors and under greenhouse conditions. Location Number of individuals Length of life in days Number of progeny range average range average out of doors 1 25 10-29 17.6 21-58 41.0 greenhouse 16 16-29 23.8 36-98 59.9 1 Months of December, January and February. The production of winged forms may also be brought about by physiological changes in the host which result from heavy feed¬ ing by aphids. This has been suggested as a possibility by Goff and Tissot (1932). The growing of plants in nutrient solutions should 256 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 aid in determining whether heavy aphid infestations tend to cause physiological changes in the host plants. As pointed out by Wiggles worth (1950) there are many ex¬ ternal factors that influence the production of winged forms. These include the lack of water, proteins and similar substances. SU MM MARY Hydroponics were successfully used to grow squash plants upon which ecological studies of the cotton or melon aphid were conducted. Under laboratory conditions (70 to 80° F.) the length of the nymphal period ranged from 5 to 7 days with an average of 6.2 days. Out-of-doors under winter conditions the range was 15 to 24 days with an average of 17.3 days. It was found that wingless individuals moulted 4 times while those with wings cast their skins 5 times. Wing pads do not make their appearance until after the third moult. Under greenhouse conditions (75 to 80° F.) the length of adult life averaged 23.8 days, while for winter conditions out-of-doors it was only 17.6 days. The average number of progeny produced under greenhouse conditions was 59.9 while for out-of-doors it was 41.0 Factors that result in the production of winged forms are discussed. Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Dr. E. G. Linsley, Chairman, and Dr. A. E. Michelbacher of the Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California; and to Dr. E. Malavolta, Associate Pro¬ fessor in the School of Agronomy, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Associate Fellow in the Department of Plant Nutrition, Uni¬ versity of California, for help and suggestions received. LITERATURE Barker, J. S. and 0. E. Tauber 1951. Fecundity of and Plant Injury by the Pea Aphid as Influenced by Nutritional Changes in Garden Pea. Jour. Econ. Ent. 44(6): 1010 - 1012 . David, W. A. L. 1951. Insecticidal Action Studies with Bisdiinethylaminophosphorous anydre Containing Phosphorous. Ann. App. Biol. 38:508-524. Goff, C. C. and A. N. Tissot 1932. The Melon Aphid. Aphis gossypii Glover. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 252, 1-23. October, 1954] breakey—pittosporum scale 257 Hoagland, D. R. and D. I. Arnon 1950. The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil. Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta. Cir. 347:1—32. IsiLY, D. 1946. The Cotton Aphid. Ark. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 462, 29 pp., 3 graphs, 37 refs. Metcalf, R. L. and R. B. Carlson 1950. Systemic Pest C.onltrol Citrus Leaves. 30(9) :12, 13, 16. Metcalf, R. L. and R. B. March 1952. Behavior of Octamethyl Pyrophosphoramide in Citrus Plants. Jour. Econ. Ent. 45(6) :988-997. WlGGLESWORTH, V. B. 1950. The Principles of Insect Physiology, 4th Edition, 544 pp., London, Methuen & Co. Ltd., New York, E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc., Editors, 1950. PIT-MAKING PITTOSPORUM SCALE IN WESTERN WASHINGTON (Homoptera: Coccidae) E, P. Breakey Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Western Washington Experiment Station, Puyallup On June 19, 1953, Mr. Sidney Walsh, Landscape Engineer for the Washington State Department of Highways, left some samples of broom at the Western Washington Experiment Station which were infested with a scale insect. Mr. Walsh reported that this scale insect was killing the broom in great quantities where it had been planted to hold the banks of cuts made for U.S. Highway 99, below Fort Lewis. The broom most severely damaged was known as Genistus (Cytisus) kewensis. The plants were 10 to 15 years old. These specimens were sent to Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck, in charge of the Division of Insect Detection and Identification, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D. C., with the request that the scale insect be identified. A letter dated July 13, 1953, reports that Miss Louise M. Russell had identified the scale insect as Asterolecanium. arabidis (Signoret), and the Division of Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations had been notified for possible further attention. The pit-making pittosporum scale has been a problem in Cali¬ fornia for some time. According to Essig (1945), the insect is widely distributed in Europe and in the northeastern part of the United States. It is regarded with considerable concern in Cali- 258 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 EXPLANATION OF PLATE Fig. 1, Genistus (Cytisus) kewensis infested with the pit-making pittos- porum scale. Note distortions. fornia and elswhere because of its serious injuries to many valuable ornamental plants, its rapid adaptation to an ever increasing number of unrelated plants, and its correspondingly widening distribution. Like many others, this scale appears to inject a toxin into the host plant which causes cessation of growth, and on many plants distorted, somewhat enlarged and often dead terminals of the branches (Fig. 1) An examination of the brooms planted by the Highway De¬ partment to hold the sandy banks of the cuts made for U.S. High¬ way 99 on either side of the Nisqually River showed that the variety Genistus (Cytisus) kewensis is the most severely infested and injured. Another horticultural variety of broom is also being injured and killed. However, Scotch broom which has escaped and estblished itself among the infested plants on these same embank¬ ments appears to be free of infestation at this time. Essig, E. Q. LITERATURE CITED 1945. The Pit-Making Pittosporum Scale. Bulletin, California Depart¬ ment of Agriculture, 34(3) :134—136. October, 1954] KROMBEIN-PERISIEROLA 259 A NEW PERISIEROLA FROM CALIFORNIA (Hymenoptera :Bethylidae) Karl V. Krombein Entomology Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. The present species is described at this time so that a name will be available for use by W. H. Wade in his study of the para¬ sites of the larvae of the phycitid moth, Myelois venipars Dyar, the navel orangeworm. Perisierola breviceps Krombein, new species Female —Length 3.4 mm., forewing 2.2 mm. Black; apex of scape, pedicel, first flagellar segment, tibiae, and tarsi testaceous. Wings clear hyaline; stigma and prostigma dark brown; veins very pale yellowish. Head scarcely longer than broad, poorly developed behind eyes; dis¬ tance from posterior margin of head to posterior margin of eyes one-fourth the eye length; clypeus with a strong, arcuate median keel, which extends back on front a short distance beyond antennal insertions; dorsum of head moderately coriaceous and with some scattered punctures; ocelli in a broad triangle, the ocellocular line 1.5 as long as postocellar line; antennae ex¬ tending back to posterior margin of pronotum. Thorax slightly narrower than head; pronotum delicately coriaceous and with a few scattered, small punctures, about 1.5 times as long as scutum; scutum with similar sculpture, a little more than twice as broad as long, the notaulices present though feebly impressed; scutellum about as long as scutum, separated from it by an impressed groove, and feebly coriaceous; dorsum of propodeum strongly coriaceous except for a narrow, slightly elevated, polished strip down middle, the lateral margins strongly carinate, the posterior margin more delicately so, the carina evanescent in middle; posterior surface of propodeum abruptly declivous, flat, and delicately coriaceous; side of pronotum with moderately close, parallel, oblique, line carinae; mesopleuron delicately coriaceous; side of propodeum strongly coriaceous. Abdomen somewhat broader than thorax, as long as head and thorax combined, highly polished. Stigma longer than broad; radius a little over twice as long as stigma, moderately curved; median cell with only one or two microtrichiae. Male. Unknown. Holotype female, Tracy, San Joaquin County, California, April 29, 1953 (W. H. Wade; reared from Myelois venipars Dyar) [U. S. National Museum, Type No. 62241]. Paratypes. 2 99; same data as type [California Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley]. 1 9; same data as type, but July 25, 1953 [U. S. Na- 260 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 tional Museum]. The paratypes vary in length from 2.8 to 3.6 mm., and do not differ in any important details of the sculpture. P. breviceps females are distinguished from those of the other described North American species by the following combination of characters: the strong, arcuate clypeal keel; head poorly de¬ veloped behind eyes; very broad ocellar triangle; and the almost total absence of microtrichiae in the median cell. INSECTS IN GRAIN ELEVATORS AT PULLMAN AND ALBION, WASHINGTON 1 Yung-Chang Chao Department oj Entomology, State College of Washington, Pullman, W'ashington The twenty-six species of insects given in Table 1 were recorded from three grain elevators at Pullman and Albion, Washington, during the time that experiments on residual sprays were being conducted. Most of these species were taken from the floor samples in empty treated bins. A few were obtained from damp, spilled wheat below the bins. The granary weevil, the two species of flat grain beetles, the saw-toothed grain beetle and the red flour beetle were most abundant and economically important. Of the 9830 insects re¬ covered, the percentages of these particular insects were 40.5, 26, 22.4, and 11.1 respectively. Microgramme filijormis and Lathriclius minutus are recorded for the first time from granaries in the United States, although they have been reported from other stored food products in several states. Microgramme filiformis, Trogoderma simplex and Alphitophagus bifaciatus are all new Washington records. 2 Trogoderma boron, recently described as new by Beal 1 is the first record of this species’ occurrence in elevators from Washington. Other noteworthy finding are concerned with two species each of Trogoderma, Tribolium, and Laemophloeus. Trogoderma sirnp- 1 Woi’k conducted under Project No. 1127. 2 Personal communications from R. S. Beal, Melville H. Hatch, and Luella M. Walkley. 3 Beal, R. S., 1954, Biology and taxonomy of the Nearctic species of Trogodei'ma. Univ. of Calif. Publ. Ent., 10(2) :35-102, 18 figs. Table 1. Insects in Grain Elevators at Pullman and Albion, Washington, 1952. October, 1954] chao—grain elevator insects 261 COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME FREQUENCY COLEOPTERA Curculionidae Granary weevil. Sitophilus granarius .often Tenebrionidae » Red flour beetle. Tribolium castaneum .often Confused flour beetle. Tribolium confusurn .rare Yellow meal worm.. Tenebrio molitor .common Cynaeus angustus .rare Cucujidae Flat grain beetle. Laemophloeus pu&illus .often Flat grain beetle. Laemophloeus turcicus .„.often Saw-toothed grain beetle. Qryzaephilus surinamensis .often Foreign grain beetle. Ahasverus advena .very rare Ostomidae Cadelle. Tenebroides mauritanicus .occasional Ptinidae White marked spider beetle. Ptinus fur .rare Dermestidae Trogoderma simplex .common Black carpet beetle. Attagenus piceus .common Trogoderma boron .occasional Larder beetle. Dermestes lardarius .rare Chrysomelidae Two-banded fungus beetle. Alphitophagus hi fascial us .rare Lathridiidae Microgramme fHiformis .occasional Lathridius minutus .occasional Mycetophagidae Mycetophugus quadriguttatus. .rare Cryptophagidae Cryptophagus sp. 1.rare Cryptophagus sp. 2. rare Cryplophugus sp. 3.rare Lepidoptera Pyralidae Meal moth. Pyralis farinalis ...common Tineidae European grain moth.A ’emapogon granella .common Diptera Omphralidae Window pane fly. Ornphrale fenestralis .‘.rare Acarina Laelaptidae Grain mite. Huemolaelaps megavenlralis .common 262 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 lex appears more frequently and abundantly than T. boron. In one elevator at Pullman, this species outnumbered any other insect. In seven bins of this elevator, it varied from 17 to 352, with an average of 116. This insect is also among the five insects re¬ covered from wheat samples for the study of field infestations (Chao and others, 1953). It might be one of the most important secondary insects in elevators in this area. Triboliiim castaneum was much more abundant than T. confusum. However, the reverse should be true according to Good (1936). The two species of Laemophloeus occur in similar numbers. Luella M. Walkley identified Lathridius minutus and Micro¬ gramme filiformis, and supplied the information on their habitats; H. W. Capps identified Pyralis farinalis and E. W. Baker, Hamol- aelaps megaventralis . The identifications of these species were made through the courtesy of C. F. W. Muesebeck. R. S. Beal identified the two species of Trogoderma and supplied the information on their distribution. Melville H. Hatch identified Laemophloeus tur- cicus and Mycetophagus quadriguttatus and supplied the informa¬ tion on the distribution of Alphitophagus bifaciatus. Maurice T. James identified Omphrale fenestralis. H. S. Telford assisted in preparing the manuscript. To all the men mentioned above, the writer is grateful. REFERENCES CITED Chao, Yung-Chang, H. C. Simkover, H. S. Telford, and Pete Stallcop 1953. Field infestations of stored grain insects in eastern Washington. Jour. Econ. Ent. 46(5)905-907. Good, N. E. 1936. The Hour beetles of the genus Tribolium. U. S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 498 pp. 15—16. BOOK NOTICE THE GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS (ACRIDOIDEA) OF AUS¬ TRALIA. Volume 2: Family Acrididae (Subfamily Pyrgomorphinae). By James A. G. Rehn. Melbourne, July 1953. 270 pp., 32 pis. Price £ 2, plus 3/10 postage. (Order from Tait Book Co., Pty. Ltd., 349 Collins St., Melbourne, Vic., Australia.) The first volume of this series was noted in the January, 1953 Pan-Pacific Entomologist; the second is of similar format. The descriptions are full, those of higher categories having much on probable phylogenies. Most of the less known place names are documented in footnotes. The photographs of specimens are remarkably good, and very well reproduced. There are two new generic, three subgeneric, 15 specific and six subspecific names proposed. —Hugh B. Leech. October, 1954] linsley, et al— tExomalopsis 263 A NOTE ON THE NESTING HABITS OF EXOMALOPSTS SOLANI COCKERELL (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae) 1 E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain and Ray F. Smith University of California, Berkeley, California The tribe Exomalopsini is of particular interest to students of bees because of an apparently close morphological relationship to to parasitic bees of the Nomadini. Two genera occur in the United States, Exomalopsis and Ancyloscelis, but with the exception of an observation by Hicks (1936) apparently the nesting habits of our species have not been described. Hicks reported as follows: “Some notes on the habits of the rare bee, Exomalopsis torticornis Ckll. (det. Cockerell), were taken on June 24, 1926 at Los Angeles, California. Four pollen laden females were seen, within a few min- uts, entering a common nest entrance into the ground. Each came out, in turn, after depositing the provisions and was caught at that time. The nest was next dug out. The tunnel leading from the entrance was in very dry and in exceedingly hard soil. These con¬ ditions made it difficult to follow in digging, although I was able to trace its course for a few inches. It extended straight into the earth for one inch, then turned to one side for one and one-half inches where it again continued straight down for two inches. The continuation at this point was lost but not until it had been definitely shown that there was one tunnel and that all the bees were using it. The nests may or may not have been separate. This important point needs further investigation.” Claude-Joseph (1926) found individuals of Exomalopsis caer- ulea Friese in Chile using a common nest entrance but preparing separate galleries. Each bee provisions a linear series of three to six cells at an average depth of 20 cm. The jug-shaped cells are smooth and varnished interiorly and are closed by a thick clay cap. The egg is placed on top of the moistened pollen ball. The larva consumes the pollen ball in about six weeks and over-winters in a coriaceous cocoon. During the second week of August, 19t54, in an area nine miles southwest of Fresnillo, Zacatecas, Mexico, where anthophorid bees 1 The observations reported here are part of a series of studies made possible by a grant-in-aid from the Associates in Tropical Biogeography, University of Calfornia. 264 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 (Diadasia, Emphor, Melissodes, Anthophora, Tetralonia, and Hem- isia) were nesting abundantly, a few females of Exomalops'is solani Cockerell were observed taking pollen from flowers of Solarium eleagnijolium Cav. Although this area was carefully searched and bees intensely studied for a week, no Exomalopsis nesting sites were discovered. One female was captured while entering an abandond burrow of Emphor bombiformis (Cresson), but because of the large diameter of the burrow the association was considered ac¬ cidental and no particular signficance was attached to the observa¬ tion. Later, however, another observation was made in connection with a bee burrow which had been “pointed out” to us by a para¬ sitic female of the genus Nomada (Micronomada) which clearly indicated that it was a known host burrow. The Nomada was cap¬ tured and two days later the burrow was excavated. The entrance Lo this burrow was at the bottom of a shallow cavity in the soil and the shaft proceeded directly downward for fourteen and one-half centimeters and then turned abruptly on the horizontal for three centimeters. At the end of the burrow a worn female of Exomalopsis solani was apparently digging. With the assistance of another female Nomada a second nest of this type was located and deter¬ mined to be that of Agapostemon texanus Cresson. Thus the Ex¬ omalopsis had apparently appropriated an abandoned (or perhaps active) Agapostemon burrow. Although our very limited observations can be regarded as little more than suggestive, it does appear possible that Exomalop¬ sis solani regularly appropriates abandoned (perhaps also active) burrows of various genera of bees. If this proves to be true it permits speculation as to the origin of a parasitic habit in this group of bees which might have given rise to the related Nomadini. Exomalopsis caerulea and E. torticomis are in different species groups or subgenera from E. solani (Exomalopsis s. str.). Literature Cited Hicks, C. H. 1936. Nesting habits of certain western bees. Canadian Ent., 68:47—52. Claude-Joseph, F. 1926. Recherches biologiques sur les Hymenopteres du Chili. Ann. des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, 9:113-268, October, 1954] INDEX TO VOLUME XXX 265 Acarina, 119, 181, 261 Aceria tulipae, 87 Achaetoneaura archippivora, 186 Aeolothripidae, 209 Agapostemon, 264, texana, 264 Ahasverus advena, 261 Alloperla (Alloperla) chandleri, 179 Alphitophagus bifasciatus, 260, 261 Ameletus validus, 24 Ammonites mammillatus, 180 Amphizoa, 86 Andrena, 78 Andrognathidae, 221 Androlaelaps, 119, grandiculatus, 119 leviculus, 119 sinuosa, 119, 120 Aneristus ceroplastae, 8 Anicetus annulatus, 8 Anthocopa abjecta, 43 anthodyta bequaerti, 42 arizonensis, 43 elongata, 42 hebitis, 44 hemizoniae, 50 hurdiana, 47 hypostomalis, 49 mHlognatha, 51 mirifica, 51 namatophila, 47 nigrior, 43 rubrella macswaini, 45 rubrella rubrior, 46 segregata, 48 Anthophora (Clisodon) furcata syringae, 69 linsleyi, 69 Anthophoridae, 145, 203, 263 Ants, swarming of, 93 Apatolestes eiseni, 53 Aphaenogaster junkikoensis, 10 lepida, 10 phillipi menozzi., 10 Aphidae, 52, 251 Aphis pruni, 180 Apis mellifera, 70 Apoidea, 37, 63. 133, 199, 203, 220,263 Aradus evermanni, 90 Asteroleucanium arabidis, 257 Atrachelus cinereus, 158 Atractelmis, 125, wawona, 125 Attagenus picens, 261 Augochlora pura, 67 Autographa californica, 186 Axobolus ergus, 226 Baetis alius, 32 diablus, 30 leechi, 29 sulfurosus, 33 Bailey, Rhipidothrips, 209 Beal, Dearthrus, 231 Belkin, mosquito pupae, 227 Bergamin, Hydroponics & cotton aphid, 251 Bethylidae, 259 Bibio, 180 Blaniulidae, 226 Blastothrix ozukiensis, 8 Blowflies, 147 Bombidae, 69, 220 Bom bus americanorum, 69 caliginosus, 220 vosnesenskii, 69 Book notices, 34, 208, 234, 246, 262 Book reviews, 10, 14 Boudreaux, Tetranychid mites, 181 Brachycybe producta, 221 Braehydesmus (Brachydesmus) yosemitensis, 224 Breakey, pittosporum scale, 257 Brown, Aphaenogaster lepida, 10 Buprestidae, 117 By-Laws, amendments to, 88 Californibolus pontis, 224 uncigerus, 224 Calliphora spp., 151 hominivorax, 150 Calliphoridae, 147, 150 Callitroga macellaria, 147 Calosoma semilaeve, 152 Camras, Zodion, 165 Canaceidae, 59 Canaceoides, 59 Cantharidae, 131 Capnia californica, 175 licina, 174 maculata, 174 oregona, 175 C'arabidae, 152 Causey, millipede, 221 Cerambycidae, 158 Ceratocombus, 85 Chandler, California dobsonflies, 105 Elmidae, 125 Chao, grain elevator insects, 260 Chapman, ant swarming on west¬ ern U.S. mountain summits, 93 Chrysomelidae, 261 Cimicidae, 159 Cinara, 180 * New names in bold face, synonyms and homonyms in italics. 266 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXX, No. 4 Coccidae, 257 Coccophagus sp., 8 hawaiiensis, 8 ishii, 8 japonicus, 6 yoshidae, 6 Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, 5 Coeuoiuyiidae, 137 C'oleoptera, 11, 35, 117, 125, 131, 152, 158, 194, 195, 208, 231, 261 Colletes fulg’idus, 67 Colobognatha, 221 Conopidae, 165 Corixidae, 250 Corydalidae, 70, 105 Cryptophagidae, 261 Cryptopnagus spp., 261 Cryptostemma, 85 Ctenolepisma lineata, 73 rubro-violacea, 72 Cucujidae, 261 Curculionidae, 261 Cuterebra, 85 Cynaeus angustus, 261 Day, mayflies, 15, 29 Dearthrus, 231, longulus, 232 stebbinsi, 232 Denning, Lepidostoma, 187 Dermestes lardarius, 261 Dermestidae, 231, 261 Diabrotica undecimpunctata, 80 Diadasia enevata, 69 Diptera, 53, 59, 137, 147, 165, 227, 247, 261 Dobsonflies, 70, 105 Drosophila immigrans, 180 Dung’ beetles, collecting, 208 Dyslobus lecontei, 11 segnis, 11 Dysmicoherm.es crepusculus, 107 ingens, 105 Dysticheus rotundicollis, 12 Eimidae, 125 Emmesa testacea leeperi, 35 Emphor bombiformis, 69, 263 Endeodes, 195, basalis, 196, 197 blaisdielli, 196 collaris, 196,198 insularis, 196, 198 rugiceps, 196 Eosentomon pallidum, 85 Epantus obscurus, 195 Ephemerella. hystrix, 25 levis, 15 proserpina, 26 soquele, 18 spino.sa, 25 yosemUe, 26 Ephemeroptera, 15, 29 Erynnis lacustra, 85 Essig, Myzus langei, 52 Eucerceris flavocincta, 11 ruficeps, 11 superba, 11 Eucybe clarus, 221 Evans, Tastiotenia male, 103 Exomalopsis caerulea, 263 sidae, 145 solani, 263 torticornis, 263 Fender, Malthodes, 131 Formica spp., 97 Formica sanguinea subnuda, 97 Formicidae, 10, 93 Fossils, insect, 82 Furman, Androlaelaps, 119 Garner, reverse predation in C'ar- abidae, 152 Gelastocoridae, 113 Glaresis ecostata, 82 Globicomis (Pseudomesalia) kulti, 232 Glutops, 137, punctata, 138 rossi, 137 singularis, 139 Glyphidops flosus, 250 Gressitt, Flanders, and Bartlett, parasites of citricola scale, 5 Haematosiphon inodorus, 159 Haemolaelaps megaventralis, 261 Halictus tripartitus, 68 Harpaphe haydeniana, 221 pottera, 222 Heifer, Hippomelas, 117 Hemiptera, 1, 112, 113, 143, 153, 159, 161, 250 Hesperia uncas lasus, 84 Hippomelas dianae, 117 Hofmannophila pseudospretella, 220 Holonomada, 78 Homoptera, 5, 52, 251, 257 Hoplitis (Acrosmia) perissocera, 40 Hoplitis albifrons argentifrons, 39 biscutellae, 42 bullifacies, 37 grinnelli grinnelli, 39 grinnelli septentrionalis, 39 hypocrita, 39 laevibullata, 40 mazourka, 38 mesae, 43 producta interior, 39 rufina, 40 truncata mescalerium, 39 truncata truncata, 38 uvulalis, 39 Horen, tick collecting, 112 October, 1954] INDEX TO VOLUME XXX 267 Hurd, Xylocopa californica, 199 Hussey, Pselliopus, 153 Hybaphe tersa, 222 Hydrellia griseola, var. scapul- aris, 86 Hydroponics, 257 Hymenoptera, 11, 37, 63, 94, 103, 124, 133, 145, 146, 199, 203, 220, 235, 259, 263 Hypoaspis, 220 Insects and mites, differences, 80 Ischnocybe plicata, 221 Isogenus (Kogotus) alameda, 178 Isoperla marmorata, 178 James, Tylidae, 247 Jensen, Potato psyllid, 161 Jewett, stoueflies, 167 Juloidea, 226 Krombein, Perisierola breviceps, 259 Lachnus, 180 Laelaptidae, 119, 220, 261 Laemophloeus pusillus, 261 turcicus, 261 Lasioglossum (Chloralictus) sparsum, 67 Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) kincaidii, 67 Lasioglossum (Sphecodogastra) aberrans, 11 Lathridiidae, 261 Lathridius minutus, 261 Lecanium pseudomagnolarum, 5 Lee, phototropism in Mexican chicken bug, 159 Trichovorixa calva, 250 Lepidoptera, 261 Lepidostoma, 187, astanea, 190 cantha, 193 cascadensis, 193 errigena, 188 frosti, 193 hoodi, 193 mira, 189 Ontario, 193 podager, 193 quercina, 193 querla, 193 recina, 188 reosa, 192 roafi,193 spicata, 190 strophis, 193 swannanoa, 193 tibialis, 192 toga turn, 194 unicolor, 194 Lepismatidae, 56, 72 Leptidiella brevipennis, 158 Leptophlebia invalidn, 27 Leptothorax sp., 97 canadensis, 97 Leptotylus, 143 Leucolepisma, 74, arenaria, 74 Leech, Leptidiella brevipennis, 158 Linquist, flies attracted to de¬ composing liver, 147 Linsley & MacSwain, habits and prey of Eucerceris ruficeps, 11 ’ Linsley, MacSwain, & Smith, Ex- omalopsis, 263 Lycandades purpurea crispa, 86 Lyceanea dispar batavus, 79 dispar dispar, 79 Macrosiphum pisi, 251 Maddux, dobsonfly, 70 Madremyia saundersii, 186 Malachiidae, 195 Malkin, Melandryidae, 35 Notonecta shooteri, 112 Malthodes stacesmithi, 131 columbiensis, 131 Mantispidae, 82 Megachile centuncularis, 146 Megachile (Chelostomoides), 68 Megachile (Litomegachile) brevis, 68 Megachilidae, 37 Megaloptera, 70,105 Melanargia, 180 Melandryidae, 35 Meloidae, classification, 91 Melecta armata, 69 miranda, 69 spp., 69 Melitoma, 82, 90 Metaphycus sp., 8 Michelbacher & Hurd, Monodon- tomerus, 146 Michener, Hoplitis & Anthocopa, 37 bee pupae, 63 Microgramme filiformis, 260, 261 Micropezidae, 247 Microterys flavus, 8 okitsuensis, 6 Millipeds, 221 Miridae, 143 Mirolepisma deserticola silves- tri, 56 Mitoura nelsoni muiri, 85 Moneilema gigas, 85 Monodontomerus montivagus, 146 Mononyx, 113 Moore, Endeodes, 195 collecting dung beetles, 208 268 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, No. 4 Musca domestica, 151 Mycetophagidae, 261 Mycetophagus quadriguttatus, 261 Myrmecocystus semirufa, 57 Myrmecophila, 57 Myrmecophile, 56 Myrmica aldrichi, 97 lobicornis fracticornis, 97 rubra, 101 Myrmica (Myrmica) sp., 97 Myrmosa unicolor, 124 Myrmosuia rutilans, 124 Myzus callangei, 52 langei, 52 persicae, 251 Nearctodesmidae, 223 Nearctodesmus Olympus, 223 Nemapogon granella, 261 Nemotelus, 180 Nemoura spiniloba, 172 wahkeena, 171 Neopasites sp., 68 Nerthra fuscipes, 113 martini, 113 mexicana, 115 stygica, 115 usingeri, 116 Nocticanace, 59, arnaudi, 59 chilensis, 61 texensis, 62 Noctuidae, 152 Nomada, 78 Nomada (Gnathias) debilis, 135 opacella, 133 Nomada (Micronomada), 263 Nomadopsis anthidius, 203 euphorbiae, 67 scutellaris, 124 Nomenclature, zoological, 179 Nomia melandri, 68 Notonecta shooteri, 112 Notonectidae, 112 Oligotyius, 143 Omphrale fenestralis, 261 Omphralidae, 261 Oncopsia flavifrons, 250 Ophryastes sulcirostris, 11 Ophyra spp., 150 Optioservus canus, 130 Oreopasites vanduzeei, 203 larva of, 203 Oriulus medianus, 226 Oryzaephilus surinamensis, 261 Ostomidae, 261 Otobius megnini, 80 Pacific Coast Ent. Soc., Field trip, 88 Proceedings, 77 Palmatotriton, 180 Papilio machaon brittanicus, 79 Paraiulidae, 226 Paraleptophlebia cachea, 22 gregalis, 27 Paralucilia wheeleri, 151 Paratrioza California, 161 cockerelli, 161 Parshley, Howard Madison, obituary, 1 Peltoperla (Sierraperla) cora, 170 Peltoperla (Soliperla) campan¬ ula, 167 quadrispinula, 169 thyra, 167 Perisierola breviceps, 259 Peritelinus oregonus, 194 Pepsis, 77 Phaenicia spp., 147 Philip, North Amer. Tabanidae, 53 Philotes enoptes, 84 rita, 84 Phormia regina, 147 Phototropism, 159 Phyconomus marinus, 195 Pisonopsis, 235, anomala, 235 argentinus, 235 birkmanni, 235, 244 clypeata clypeata, 235, 240 clypeata occidentalis, 235, 242 triangularis californica, 235, 245 triangularis triangularis, 235, 245 Pitelka, use of bird nest by bum¬ blebee, 220 Plecoptera, 167 Pogonomyrmex barbatus var. nigrescens, 56 californicus, 57 californicus estebanius, 57 occidentalis occidentalis, 57 Policana herbsti, 67 Polydesmidae, 223 Polydesmoidea, 221 Pompilidae, 103 Protochauliodes aridus, 70 montivagus, 111 simplus, 110 Protura, 85 Psallus brevitylus, 144 Pselaptrichus, 85 Pselliopus cinctus, 158 karlenae, 153 latisfasciatus, 158 latispina, 156 zebra, 155 Psyllidae, 161 Ptinidae, 261 Ptinus fur, 261 October, 1954] INDEX TO VOLUME XXX 269 Pupae, bees, G3 mosquito, 227 Pyralidae, 261 Pyralis farinalis, 261 Reduviidae, 153 Reticulitermes hesperus, 57 Rhagionidae, 139 Rhinigia cinctiventris, 158 Rhipidothrips, 209, brunneus, 210 cahirensis, 210, 212 cinctus, 210, 212 gratiosus, 210, 213 kellyanus, 210, 216 uiveipennis, 210, 216 uzeliauiLs, 217 Rhithrogena decora, 19 flavianula, 24 Rhizelmis, 126, nigra, 128 Rickera, 176, venusta, 176 Rosenstiel, strawberry weevil, 195 Ross, Book Review, 14 Roth, Book Review, 10 Rozen, Oreopasites larva, 203 Scale, citricola, 5 parasites of, 5 Scatopse, 180 Scytonotus amandus, 223 Sierraperla, 170 Sitona californicus, 12 Sitophilus granarius, 261 Slater & Knight, Oligotylus and Leptotylus, 143 Snelling, Myrmosula rutilans, 124 Exomalopsis sidae, 145 Solenopsis, 57 Stator limbatus, 85 Stomoxys, 180 Sphecidae, 11, 235 Sphecophaga burra, 80 Spirobolidae, 224 Spiroboloidea, 224 Stentor, 180 Stratiomys, 180 Strophopoda, 143 Symphoromyia, 140, atripes, 141 fulvipes, 141 johnsoni, 141 kincaidi, 141 limata, 141 montana, 141 pachyeeras, 141 plagens, 141 sackeni, 141 securifera, 141, 142 varicornis, 141 Synthesiomyia nudiseta, 151 Tabanidae, 53 Taeniaptera lasciva, 247 latitibia, 247 Taiulus tiganus, 226 sp., 226 Tarantula, 77 Tastiotenia festiva, 103 Tenebrio molitor, 261 Tenebrionidae, 261 Tenebroides mauritanicus, 261 Tetranychus cocosinus, 261 magnoliae, 184 merganser. 181 Thermobia domestica, 57 Thysanoptera, 209 Thysanura, 56, 72 Tick collecting, 112 Timberlake, Nomada (Gnathias) 133 Tineidae, 261 Tiphiidae, 124 Todd, Nerthi’a, 113 Tribolium castaneum, 261 confusum, 261 Trichocorixa calva, 250 Trigona cupira, 70 Trogoderma boron, 260, 261 granarium, 89 simplex, 260, 261 Tubaphe, 222, levii, 223 Tylidae, 247 Tylos abbreviatus, 247 tabernilla, 248 Tylos (Neriocephalus) stigmati- cus, 247 sufflavus, 248 Usinger, Parshley obituary, 1 Utoiulus leechi, 226 utus, 226 Vermileo comstocki, 140 opacus, 139 Veromessor pergandei, 57 Vespula, 80, pennsylvanica, 80 Virus, transmission, 86 Vitula serratileneella, 80 Volucella, 180 Wall, Myrmecophile, 56 California Lepismatidae, 72 Wicken Fen, 78 Williams, Pisonopsis, 235 Wirth, intertidal dies, 59 Glutops, 137 Xylocopa californica californica, 200 californica arizonensis, 200 californica diamesa, 200, 202 virginica, 68 Xystodesmidae, 221 Zodion californica, 165 Zophina, 54 Zophotabanus, 53 Published by the Pacific Coast Entomological Society in cooperation with The California Academy of Sciences VOLUME THIRTY 1954 EDITORIAL BOARD P. D. HURD, JR, Editor HUGH B. LEECH, Associate Editor E. G. LINSLEY, Associate Editor R. L. USINGER, Associate Editor E. S. ROSS, Assistant Editor R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. MICHELBACHER, Advertising 1954 E. L. Kessel H. B. Leech PUBLICATION COMMITTEE 1955 E. R. Leach E. G. Linsley 1956 E. O. Esslg, Chairman G. F. Ferris San Francisc, California 1954 1 CONTENTS FOR VOLUMjE XXX Bailey, Stanley F. A review of the genus Rhipidothrips Uzel..._.209 Beal, Jr., R. S. Classification of the dermestid genus Dearthrus with description of a new western species.....231 Belkin, John N. The dorsal hairless setal ring of mosquito pupae.227 Bergamin, J. Utilization of hydroponics in ecological studies of the cotton aphid... 251 Boudreaux, H. Bruce New species of Tetranychid mites.181 Breakey, E. P. Pit-making pittosporum scale in western Washington.257 Brown, Jr., W. L. The synonymy of the ant Aphaenogaster lepida Wheeler.... 10 Camras, Sidney A new species of Zodion from California.165 Causey, Nell B. New records and species of millipeds from the western United States and Canada.221 Chandler, Harry P. Four new species of dobsonflies from California.105 New genera and species of Elmidae (Coleoptera) from California. 125 Chao, Yung-Chang Insects in grain elevators at Pullman and Albion, Washington.:.. 7 ...260 Chapman, John A. Swarming of ants on western United States mountain summits . 98 Day, W. C. New species and notes of California Mayflies II. 15 New species of California Mayflies in the genus Baetis. 29 Denning, D. G. New species of Lepidostoma.187 Essig, E. 0. Change of the species name of Myzus langei Essig to Myzus callangei Essig 52 11 Evans, Howard E. The male of Tastiotenia festiva.103 Fender, Kenneth M. On some Malthodes.-.131 Furman, Deane P. A new species of Androlaelaps from Perognathus in southern California —..119 Garner, William Y. A case of reverse predation in the Carabidae..152 Gressitt, J. Linsley, Flanders, Stanley E., and Blair Bartlett Parasites of citricola scale in Japan and their intro¬ duction into California..... 5 Heifer, Jacques R. A new Hippomelas from California.117 Horen, W. Peter Modified flag for tick collecting...112 Hurd, Jr., Paul D. A polytypic interpretation of the California carpenter bee, Xylocopa californica with the description of a new subspecies and notes on a possible polytopic form.199 Hussey, Roland F. Two new species of Pselliopus and some distributional notes. .153 James, Maurice T. The Diptera collected on the Cockerell and Hubbell Expeditions to Honduras. Part III: Tylidae, with a new species from Mexico.247 Jensen, D. D. Notes on the potato psyllid, Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc) ....161 Jewett, Jr., Stanley G. New stoneflies from California and Oregon.167 Krombein, Karl Y. A new Perisierola from California.259 Lee Robert D. The absence of negative phototropism in the Mexican chicken bug, Haematosiphon inodorus (Duges).159 First report of Trichocorixa calva (Say) from Mexico.250 Leech, H. B. Book notice: A check list of the genera and species of Mallophaga . 34 Ill Leptidiella brevipennis (Mulsant) reared from Toyon...158 Book notice: The coconut rhinocerous beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) with particular reference to the Palau Islands 208 Book notice: Fleas, flukes and cuckoos.284 Book notice: The taxonomy, phases, and distribution of the genera Chortoicetes and Austroicetes.246 Lindquist, Arthur W. Flies attracted to decomposing liver in Lake County, California. 147 Linsley, E. G., and J. W. MacSwain Observations on the habits and prey of Eucerceris ruficeps Scullen... 11 Linsley, E. G., MacSwain, J. W., and Ray F. Smith A note on the nesting habits of Exomalopsis solani Cockerell . 263 Maddux, Donald E. A new species of dobsonfly from California... 70 Malkin, Borys A new northwestern melandryid. 35 Range of extension of Notonecta shooteri.112 Michener, Charles D. Descriptions and records of North American Hoplitis and Anthocopa . 87 Observations on the pupae of bees. 63 Michelbacher, A. E. and P. D. Hurd, Jr. Monodontomerus montivagus Ashmead, a parasite of Megachile centuncularis (Linnaeus).146 Moore, Ian Notes on Endeodes LeConte with a description of a new species from Baja California.195 An efficient method of collecting dung beetles.208 Pacific Coast Entomological Society Proceedings...—. 77 Field trips .-... 83 Philip, Cornelius B. New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). Part IV: Zophina new genus for “Apatolestes” eiseni Town¬ send from Lower California... 53 Pitelka, Frank A. Use of bird nest by bumble bee._....220 IV Slater, James A. and Harry H. Knight The taxonomic status of Oligotylus Van Duzee and Leptotylus Van Duzee with the description of a new species of Psallus _-__•...143 Snelling, Roy R. The host of Myrmosula rutilans (Blake)..124 Records of Exomalopsis sidae in California and Baja California ...........145 Rosenstiel, R. G. Another weevil injurious to strawberries.194 Ross, E. S. Book Review: The ants of California..... 14 Roth, Vincent D. Book Review: How to know spiders. 10 Rozen, Jr., Jerome G. Morphological description of the larva of Oreopasites vanduzeei Cockerell .203 Timberlake, P. H. Two new species of Nomada, subgenus Gnathias, from California .133 Todd, E. L. New species of Nerthra from California.113 Usinger, Robert L. Howard Madison Parshley. 1 Wall, Jr., William J. Mirolepisma deserticola silvestri, a myrmecophile from California ....... 56 A redescribed species and a new genus and species of the family Lepismatidae in California.... 72 Williams, Francis X. The wasps of the genus Pisonopsis...235 Wirth, Willis W. A new intertidal fly from California, with notes on the genus Nocticanace Malloch. 59 A new species of Glutops and other new records of California Tabanoidea .137 MAILING DATES FOR VOLUME XXX No. 1 March 30, 1954 No. 3 September 30, 1954 No. 2 June 24, 1954 No, 4 November 18, 1954 Announcing . . • REVISION OF THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY TETRANYCHIDAE By A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker This world-wide treatment (300 pp., 330 figs.) of the “Red Spider” is the second volume in the Memoirs Series of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. Each species is beautifully illustrated in the inimitable style of E. W. Baker. The work deals with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders”. Synoptic keys have been prepared, descriptions are presented for all the species including the major agriculture pests, and some twenty species are described as new. Publication date December, 1954 Special Prepublication Price: $9.00 Please place my order for.copy(ies) at the special prepublication price of $9.00. Name Address Send prepublication orders to: Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Golden Gate Park 18, San Francisco PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS Tops in Versatile Insect Control! Yes, versatility is one of the chief assets of dieldrin. The use range of this insecticide grows more and more im¬ pressive each month. Acceptances have been obtained for control of insects in the following orders: Coleoptera Boll weevil White grubs Tuber flea beetle larvae Japanese beetle grubs European chafer grubs Green June beetle larvae Alfalfa weevil—adult Plum Curculio Lepidoptera Fall armyworm Cutworm—certain species Pale western cutworm Homoptera Cotton fleahopper Orthoptera Grasshoppers Thysanoptera Thrips on cotton Gladiolus thrips Onion thrips Diptera Onion maggot Housefly adults Mosquito adults and larvae Salt-marsh sandfly larvae Hymenoptera Imported fire ant Red harvester ant Hemiptera Tarnished plant bug Southern green stink bug Rapid plant bug Lawn chinch bugs Say’s plant bug Brown cotton bug Lygus bugs Stink bugs Siphonaptera Fleas Isoptera Termites (Experimental Use Only) Dermaptera Earwigs SHELL CHEMICAL CORPORATION AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS DIVISION P. O. Box 1617, Denver 1, Colorado Atlanta • Houston • New York • San Francisco St. Louis • Jackson, Miss. MANUFACTURERS AND PROCESSORS OF • Sulphur • Insecticides • Fertilizers • Seeds Ill two great insecticides . . . CHLORDANE CONTROLS THESE INSECTS Ants, Armyworms, Blister Beetles, Boxelder Bugs, Brown Dog Ticks, Cabbage Maggots, Cattle Lice, Chiggers, Chinch Bugs, Cockroaches, Cotton Boll Weevils, Crickets, Cutworms, Earwigs, Fleas, Flies, Grasshoppers, Household Spiders, Japanese Beetle Larvae, Lawn Moths, Lygus Bugs, Mole Crickets, Mormon Crickets, Mosquitoes, Onion Maggots, Onion Thrips, Plum Curculio, Sarcoptic Mange, Seed Corn Maggots, Serpentine Leaf Miners, Sheep Ked, Silverfish, Sod Webworms, Southern Corn Rootworms, Strawberry Crown Borers, Strawberry Weevils, Sweet Clover Weevils, Tarnished Plant Bugs, Termites, Ticks, White Grubs, Wircworms , . . and many others HEPTACHLOR CONTROLS THESE INSECTS Alfalfa Weevils, Ants, Argentine Ants, Cotton Boll Weevils, Cabbage Maggots, Chinch Bugs, Corn Borers (European), Corn Rootworms, Cotton Thrips, Cowpea Curculio, Crickets, Cucumber Beetles, Cutworms, European Chafer, Eye Gnats, Fleas, Flea Beetles, Garden Webworms, Grasshoppers, Japanese Beetles, Leaf Miners, Lygus Bugs, Mormon Crickets, Mosquitoes, Narcissus Bulb Flies, Onion Maggots, Onion Thrips, Plum Curculio, Rapid Plant Bugs, Screwworms, Seed Corn Maggots, Serpentine Leaf Miners, Spittle Bugs, Sugar Beet Root Maggots, Sweet Clover Weevils, Tarnished Plant Bugs, Tobacco Flea Beetles, Tomato Fruitworms, Tuber Flea Beetles, Turnip Maggots, Western Harvester Ants, White Grubs (June Beetles), Wireworms . . . and many others. WRITE FOR FULL PARTICULARS VELSICOL CORPORATION Division of Arvey Corporation General Offices and Laboratories Export Division 330 East Grand Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois 100 East 42nd Street, New York 17, New York REPRESENTATIVES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES IV For complete, accurate, up-to-date information on PARATHION and MALATHION (also known as malathon) direct your inquiries to the developer of these important broad-spectrum insecticides... AMERICAN Gm/iamid COMPANY Manufacturer ‘ffriophos Parathion Technical and MALATHION Technical AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS DIVISION 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N.Y. Du Pont fuels the "JET" that guards crops and livestock! O ne device that symbolizes today’s practical scien¬ tific farms is the sprayer, spouting chemicals froha one "jet” or from twenty. High pressure or low, 3-gallon or 1000-gallon, it is a sign of modern times in agriculture. Why is this true? Because today specialized farm chemicals used in sprays are important to every kind of farming. Chemical sprays are used to: INSECTICIDES: epn 300, mar- LATE* methoxychlor, DEE- NATE* DDT. LEXONE* benzene hexachloride, KRENITE* dinitro spray, Du Pont Cotton DuBts, Du Pont Dairy Cattle Spray and Dairy Barn Insecticide, Du Pont Livestock Spray & Dip No. 30. Kill flies and mosquitoes on livestock, in barns and other farm buildings. Control the insects and diseases that attack fruit and vegetables , cotton and corn, hay and pasture. Kill the weeds in fields and fencerows and the brush in rangeland, pasture and woodland. Many new spray chemicals as well as other products for the farm have been developed through Du Pont re¬ search. They have been tested and proven through the work of Du Pont scientists and technicians with the cooperation of schools and experiment stations and prac¬ tical farmers. You can look to Du Pont for chemicals to guard your crops and make your farm more productive. On o II cbomlcoh otwoy, follow dlrocliom for application. Whoro warning or cau¬ tion itotomoali on via of lb* product or* ghon, rood lltom corofvlly. •is.u.i.PAi.on FUNGICIDES: manzate.i par- ZATE* (nabam and zineb), FER- MATE* (ferbain), ZERLATE* (si- ram), Copper-A (fixed copper), SULFORON+ and SULFORON*. X wettable sulfurs. WEED AND BRUSH KILLERS: CMU, AM MATE,* 2,4-D, TCA and 2, 4,5-T. FEED SUPPLEMENTS: delster- OL* Vitamin D 3 ("D’’-activated animal sterol), Methionine amino acid. SEED DISINFECTANTS: arasan* for corn, grass, legumes, peanuts, vegetables, sorghum, rice; CERE- SAN* for cotton and small grains. *mo. u. *. rat. ornca TtrA Dl MARK BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER L I V I N G ... T H R O U G H CHEMISTS Y f vi Glance behind the agricultural research scene at Rohm & Haas and you would say: "The future is going to be rough on farm pests." And you would be right! Development of agricultural chemicals is hitting a faster pace than ever at the company’s laboratories and experimental farms. Horn worms and the red-banded leaf roller are kept under control by Rhothane; plant diseases are checked by Dithane. Many pests on the farm must still be licked. But for every one, intensive research will ultimately spell control. ROHM C HAAS COMPANY WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA 5, PA. Hepreaentatiiea in principal foreign countria DITHANE Fungicides DDT Insecticides LETHANE—fast knockdown agent in household and livestock sprays. RHOTHANE (DDD or TDE) Insecticides TRITON emulsifiers are offered in a wide selection for the emulsification of many organic pesticides used today. WEED KILLERS 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T herbicides 2,4-D acid Butyl and Isopropyl ester concentrates Capryl ester low volatile formulations Amine salt of 2,4-D Ester formulations Brush killer formulations containing capryl esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Dithane, Lethane, Rhothane and Triton are trademarks, Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. and in prin¬ cipal foreign countries. 'i Vll MULTI-FILM "L" ”L" STANDS FOR LIQUID A SPREADER and DEPOSIT BUILDER that really WETS and still DEPOSITS MULTI-FILM "L" ADDS A PLUS VALUE TO NEW ORGANIC PESTICIDES Colloidal Products Corporation ESTABLISHED 1920 2598 TAYLOR STREET • SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA Manufacturers of Spreaders - Deposit Builders for Agricultural Sprays THERE’S AN Eston Insecticide for every farm need ... ALKRON® parathion formulations ARATRONf new miticide containing aramite BROMOFUME® EDB soil fumigants ESTONMITE® miticide-ovicide ESTONATE® 50% DDT liquids and powders ESTONOXf toxophene formulations MALAPHOSt malathon formulations METHYL BROMIDE space fumigant TETRON® TEPP formulations ALDRIN & DIELDRIN liquid and dry formulations TUMBLE-WEEDt non-selective herbicides t Trade Mark A.P.&C.C. SALES REPRESENTATIVES IN ALL MAJOR AGRICULTURAL AREAS American Potash & Chemical Corporation ESTON CHEMICALS DIVISION 3100 EAST 26TH STREET, LOS ANGELES 23, CALIFORNIA CHEMICALS SINCE FOR YEAR-ROUND FRUIT and VEGETABLE PROTECTION Insecticides Sulphurs Fungicides Parasiticides Stauffer Knapsack Duster A TIME-HONORED NAME IN CHEMICALS viu IX BLACK LEAF PRODUCTS DIVISION of the VIRGINIA-CAROUNA CHEMICAL CORP. formerly TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS AND CHEMICAL CORP. (The World's Largest Manufacturers of Nicotine Products) BLACK LEAF 40 The Standard for Generations for Control of Many Insects It Is Easy on Friendly and Beneficial Insects Other BLACK LEAF Products Include A Full Line of Agricultural Chemicals and Concentrates ★ SAN JOSE OFFICE: 1214 Bayshore Highway (California) Sn Jsi&i U)&ik bJhaAs Q/vdincUiy fiaudhum, VYlcuj. tB& (pAoMiniinq (pAobhmA, (Dofii Ovsudook, SAFER . . . Continuing laboratory and field tests prove ORTHOPHOS 4 Spray has reduced toxocity in respect to skin penetration of Parathion. MORE CONCENTRATED . . Although this is a safer Parathion, it has twice the concentration of most formulations— contains 4 lbs. of Parathion per gallon. MORE EFFECTIVE .. . Improved wetting qualities give better coverage of plants and insects. This is important cost-wise, since less material may be required to get results. VAPOTONE-XX Spray and VAPOTONE Dusts ... ORTHO's special TEPP formulations. Leave no poisonous resi¬ dues, so are accepted as the ideal pre-harvest control for fruit and field crops. TM's Ortho, Orthophos, Vapotone, Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. CALIFORNIA SPRAY-CHEMICAL Corp. RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA Medina, New York • Linden, New Jersey Goldsboro, North Carolina • Fennville, Michigan • Orlando, Florida • Shreveport, Louisiana • Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Maryland Heights, Missouri • Caldwell, Idaho • Portland, Oregon • Sacramento, California • San Jose, California • Fresno, California • Whittier, California • Phoenix, Arizona. 'JSggSi iSSjU't PBHUtVSSl reduced damage from insects and disease, plus higher profits from more top quality fruit, produce, and livestock. Niagara offers Western growers additional help through a series of Field Service Bulletins which con¬ tain local insect and disease con¬ trol recommendations for every crop in every agricultural region. If you wish copies for your own information, without obligation, write Niagara Chemical Division, Richmond, Calif., Dept. 151 Niagara’s planned protection pro¬ gram assures Western growers of top profits from every crop for two reasons. First is the skill and experience of research chemists, entomologists and trained labora¬ tory workers, expressed in the su¬ perior control powers of Niagara materials. Second is the expert knowledge of local growing con¬ ditions and infestations, supplied by Niagara Field Representatives. This combination, checked and proven by years of actual use, gives doubled-barreled results in INSECTICIDES • FUNGICIDES • HERBICIDES • LIVESTOCK SPRAYS ft OlPS RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA • HOME OFFICE - MIDDIEPORT. NEW YORK f. / ■' .'5 I r® ^ ' / ♦ >' i <-••< 1 \ w s s ^ . v rrY *}